欧洲文化入门要点

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1、WEEK1-3ReformationandCounter-ReformationP138-139TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement.ItbeginwithMartinLuther‘s95thesisin1517.ThismovementaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitw

2、iththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible,Thedemandsofthereformists:---directcommunicationbetweentheindividualandGod---simplifyingrituals---abolishingheavytaxesleviedontheircountrymen---abolishingtheindulgences1)Pre-LutherReligiousReformersJohnWycliffe(about133

3、0¡ª1384)p-139ChiefforerunnerofReformation.Englishtheologianandreligiousreformer.HebelievedthatChristisman¡®sonlyoverlordandthatsalvationdependsuponpredestinationandgraceratherthanonmembershipofavisiblechurch.HetookupthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishfo

4、rthefirsttime.JanHus(1372-1415)ABohemianCzechreligiousleader,theologian.AttackedtheabusesoftheChurch/wasimprisonedandexiled/wasburntatstake/theHusWar2)MartinLuther(1483-1546)andHisDoctrinesMartinLutherwastheGermanleaderoftheProtestantReformation.Hisdoct

5、rinemarkedthefirstbreakintheunityoftheCatholicChurch.BeginningoftheReformationp-140TranslationoftheBibleGospelofloveandIdeasofEqualityInthehistoryofGermany,MartinLutherwasmorethanareligiousleader,hewasafighterfordemocracyandnationalism,ahumanistwhohelpe

6、dtobuildacompetenteducationalsystemandawriterwhoseforcefullanguagehelpedfixthestandardsofthemodernGermanlanguage3)JohnCalvin(1509-1564)andCalvinismCalvinwasaFrenchtheologian.HisInstitutesoftheChristianReligionwasconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialtheologi

7、calworksofalltimes.PresbyteriangovernmentCalvinismstressedtheabsoluteauthorityoftheGod’swill,holdingthatonlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodaresaved.Calvinismwasoneofthemaincoursesofthecapitalistspirit4)ReformationinEnglandp-143JohnKnoxScottishPresbyterianism

8、HenryVIII/matrimonialaffairs/CatherineAragon/AnneBoleynIn1534,theActofSupremacymarkedtheformalbreakoftheBritishwiththepapalauthorities.ThomasCromwell---Vicar-GeneraloftheChurch,King’sChiefMinisterfurtherbrokefromthePope,closedthe