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1、Pre-publicationdraftfromAarts,Close,LeechandWallis(eds.)(2013)TheEnglishVerbPhrase,Cambridge:CUP.1TheperfectinspokenBritishEnglishJillBowie,SeanWallisandBasAartsUniversityCollegeLondon1IntroductionTheEnglishperfectconstructioninvolvestheperfectauxiliaryHAVEfollowedbyaverbinth
2、epastparticipleform.Itoccursinseveralsubtypesaccordingtotheinflectionalformoftheauxiliary.Themostfrequentlyoccurringisthepresentperfect,asinShehasseenthem.Theothersubtypesarethepastperfect(Shehadseenthem),theinfinitivalperfect(Shemusthaveseenthem),andthe-ing-participialperfec
3、t(Havingseenthem,shewenthome).Allsubtypestypicallyfunctiontoexpressanteriority(i.e.pastnessrelativetoareferencepoint),althoughfurthersemanticcomplexitieshaveledtovaryingtreatmentsoftheperfect,forexampleasanaspectorasecondarytensesystem.ResearchontheEnglishperfecthasrevealedco
4、nsiderablevariationinusebothdiachronically,acrosslongerhistoricalperiods,andsynchronically,acrossregionsanddialects.Recenttrendsinperfectusagearethereforeofinterest.ThestudypresentedhereinvestigatesthistopicwithregardtospokenstandardBritishEnglish.Muchpreviousworkhasfocusedma
5、inlyorexclusivelyonthepresentperfect.However,hereweinvestigateallinflectionalsubtypesoftheperfectintermsoffrequencychangesovertime.Thefindingsonthepresentperfectarecomparedwiththoseofotherresearchers.Wethenfocusinmoredetailonthepastperfectandinfinitivalperfect,toseekexplanati
6、onsforthefrequencychangesobserved.Intheremainderofthisintroductionweelaborateonthereasonsforundertakingthisstudy(1.1)andintroducethecorpususedinourresearch(1.2).1.1ReasonsforthisstudyThereareseveralreasonsforinvestigatingrecentchangeintheperfectinspokenBritishEnglish.Thesecon
7、cernthelonger-termhistoryoftheperfectinEnglish,regionalvariationintheperfect,andtheneedforresearchonthespokenlanguage.First,thelonger-termhistoryoftheperfectmakesitofinteresttoinvestigatecurrenttrends.FromearlyoriginsinOldEnglish,itincreasedmarkedlyinfrequencythroughMiddleEng
8、lishintoearlyModernEnglish,comingintocompetitionwiththemorphological
