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1、________________MORALMINDS________________TheNatureofRightandWrong________________MarcD.Hauser________________TofivegenerationsofextraordinaryfemaleswiththelastnameHauser:—Mygrandmother,Lucille,Mymother,Alberta,Mywife,Lilan,Mydaughters,AlexandraandSofia,andMycat,CleopatraFALLTHEDIF
2、FERENCESbetweenmanandtheOloweranimals,themoralsenseorconscienceisbyfarthemostimportant...[I]tissummedupinthatshortbutimperiouswordought,sofullofhighsignificance.Itisthemostnobleofalltheattributesofman,leadinghimwithoutamoment’shesitationtoriskhislifeforthatofafellow-creature;oraft
3、erduedeliberation,impelledsimplybythedeepfeelingofrightorduty,tosacrificeitinsomegreatcause.—CharlesDarwin—ORALSEXCITEPASSIONS,andproduceorpreventMactions.Reasonofitselfisutterlyimpotentinthispar-ticular.Therulesofmorality,therefore,arenotconclusionsofourreason.—DavidHume—HYDOESEV
4、ERYONEtakeforgrantedthatwedon’tWlearntogrowarms,butrather,aredesignedtogrowarms?Similarly,weshouldconcludethatinthecaseofthedevelopmentofmoralsystems,there’sabiologicalendowmentwhichineffectrequiresustodevelopasystemofmoraljudg-mentandatheoryofjustice,ifyoulike,thatinfacthasdetai
5、ledapplicabilityoveranenormousrange.—NoamChomskyCONTENTS——EpigraphiiiPrologue:RighteousVoicesvii1.What’sWrong?1PARTI.UNIVERSALDECLARATIONS2.JusticeforAll593.GrammarsofViolence111PARTII.NATIVESENSE4.TheMoralOrgan1635.PermissibleInstincts242PARTIII.EVOLVINGCODE6.RootsofRight3077.Fi
6、rstPrinciples357Epilogue:TheRightImpulse419Notes427References445Index475AcknowledgmentsAbouttheAuthorPraiseOtherBooksbyMarcD.HauserCreditsCoverCopyrightAboutthePublisherPROLOGUE:RIGHTEOUSVOICES——HECENTRALIDEAofthisbookissimple:weevolvedamoralinstinct,acapacitythatnaturallygrowswi
7、thineachchild,de-signedtogeneraterapidjudgmentsaboutwhatismorallyrightTorwrongbasedonanunconsciousgrammarofaction.PartofthismachinerywasdesignedbytheblindhandofDarwinianselectionmillionsofyearsbeforeourspeciesevolved;otherpartswereaddedorup-gradedovertheevolutionaryhistoryofoursp
8、ecies,andareuniquebothtohumansandtoourmo
