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1、Phil001Chapter1LogicandcriticalthinkingProvideyouwithtoolstoeffectivelyprocesstheflowofinformationfrompapers,books,lectures,tv,theinternet,enablingyouto·sortoutthegoodfromthebad·findpatterns·combineapparentlyunrelatedbits·figureouthowinformationcanenrichourintellec
2、tuallivesandhelpusmanagepracticalaffairsYoualreadyusecriticalthinkingwhenyou·organizematerialtowritepapers·trytopersuadeotherstoshareyourbeliefs·defendyourwordsandactionsagainstothers·recognizethatsomeInternetpostingsarenonsense·figureoutmoviesandstoriesaboute.g.cr
3、imeinvestigation·examineandweighupevidenceCriticalthinking:thesubjectmatterIncludes:·Recognizingandevaluatingarguments:judgingwhetherevidencesupportsaconclusion·Understandingandanalyzingthemeaningofinformation·Puttinginformationtogetherinacoherentway·Comprehendingi
4、nstructionsandadvice·Solvingproblems·Judgingwhatinformationisrelevanttoaparticularissueandwhetheritisevidenceforthetruthofanassertion12·Avoidingmistakesinthinking(fallacies)UnderstandingmeaningsTounderstandmeaningsweneedtopayattentiontothecircumstancesorcontextinwh
5、ichwordsarewrittenorspoken.Notallwritingandspeechisconcernedwithconveyinginformation.Somewritingandspeechhasmainlyexpressivecontent.Ifyourfriendtellsyousheissad,youdon'taskherforevidence.Oftenwedon'tlookforevidencewhenwetrustthesourceofinformationButwritingandspeec
6、hthathasfactualcontentrequiresevidencetosupporttheclaimsmade.Evidencecanbephysical,orverbal.Acrimesceneinvestigatorisprimarilyconcernedwithamassingphysicalevidence.Shewillgatherverbalevidencewhencollectingwitnessstatements,andexaminingdocuments.Muchverbalevidenceco
7、nsistsofdescriptionsandsummariesofphysicalevidence.Usingverbalevidence,weconstructargumentstoreachconclusionsaboutoursubjectmatter.GroupWorkp.7,Exercises1.11,2,7,8,9,10,12,Argumentsandlogic12Argumentsaresetsofsentencesconsistingofanassertiontobesupportedandtheverba
8、levidenceforthatassertionNote:theword'argument'inlogicandcriticalthinkingdoesnotsuggestadisputeordisagreement.Thesentencesthatstatetheevidenceare
