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1、THETIMINGOFFACIALMOTIONINPOSEDANDSPONTANEOUSSMILESJ.F.COHN*andK.L.SCHMIDTUniversityofPittsburghDepartmentofPsychology4327SennottSquare,210SouthBouquetStreetPittsburgh,PA15260,USA*jeffcohn@pitt.edukschmidt@pitt.eduRevised19March2004Almostallworkinauto
2、maticfacialexpressionanalysishasfocusedonrecognitionofprototypicexpressionsratherthandynamicchangesinappearanceovertime.Toinvestigatetherelativecontributionofdynamicfeaturestoexpressionrecognition,weusedautomaticfeaturetrackingtomeasuretherelationbet
3、weenamplitudeanddurationofsmileonsetsinspontaneousanddeliberatesmilesof81youngadultsofEuro-andAfrican-Americanbackground.Spontaneoussmileswereofsmalleramplitudeandhadalargerandmoreconsistentrelationbetweenamplitudeanddurationthandeliberatesmiles.Alin
4、eardiscriminantclassifierusingtimingandamplitudemeasuresofsmileonsetsachieveda93%recognitionrate.Usingtimingmeasuresalone,recognitionratedeclinedonlymarginallyto89%.Thesefindingssuggestthatbyextractingandrepresentingdynamicaswellasmorphologicalfeatur
5、es,automaticfacialexpressionanalysiscanbegintodiscriminateamongthemessagevaluesofmorphologicallysimilarexpressions.Keywords:automaticfacialexpressionanalysis,timing,spontaneousfacialbehaviorAMSSubjectClassification:1.IntroductionAlmostallworkinautoma
6、ticfacialexpressionanalysishassoughttorecognizeeitherprototypicexpressionsofemotion(e.g.,joyoranger)ormoremolecularappearanceprototypessuchasFACSactionunits.Thisemphasisonprototypicexpressionsfollows1012fromtheworkofDarwinandmorerecentlyEkmanwhopropo
7、sedthatbasicemotionshavecorrespondingprototypicexpressionsanddescribedtheircomponents,suchascrows-feetwrinkleslateraltotheoutereyecorners,inemotion-specifiedjoyexpressions.Considerableevidencesuggeststhatsixprototypicexpressions(joy,surprise,anger,12
8、sadness,disgust,andfear)areuniversalintheirperformanceandintheirperceptionandcancommunicatesubjectiveemotion,communicativeintent,andaction18,19,26tendencies.Prototypicexpressions,orindeedanyfacialexpressionofinterest(e.g.,raisedbrowsfoundingreetingdi
