language transfer (SLA)

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1、InternalFactorsLanguageTransfer8.1Definition1)“[transferisevidencedas]thoseinstancesofdeviationfromthenormsofeitherlanguagewhichoccurinthespeechofbilingualsasaresultoftheirfamiliaritywithmorethanonelanguage”(Weinreich1953:2)Corder(1983)suggestedthene

2、edforawordotherthan‘transfer’whichheclaimedbelongedtotheschoolofbehavioristlearningtheory.Hesuggestedtheterm‘MotherTongueInfluence’.3)SharwoodSmith(1986)refinedtheideastillfurtherbysuggesting‘CrossLinguisticInfluence’,whichwouldtakeintoaccountthepote

3、ntialinfluenceofL3onL2whereanotherlearnedlanguage,butnottheL1mighthaveaneffectonthelearningoftheL2.AlsoencompassedwithinthemeaningofCLIisthenotionofpossibleL2influenceonL1.4)Influenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguagea

4、ndanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviously(andperhapsimperfectly)acquired.(Odlin1989:27)5)“theuseofpreviouslinguisticorpriorskillstoassistcomprehensionorproduction”(O’MalleyandChamot1990)6)“theprocessbywhichL2learners’activeL1knowledgeindevelopingorusin

5、gtheirinterlanguage(linguisticsystembetweenL1andL2,tobedefinedlater),andpointoutthattheprocessmayeithersupport(positivetransfer)ordetract(negativetransfer)fromlearning”(FaerchandKasper1987)7)“[transferis]theuseofthenativelanguage(orotherlanguage)info

6、rmationintheacquisitionofanL2(oradditionallanguage)”(Gass1996:321)8)“[transferis]influencethatthelearner’sL1exertsontheacquisitionofanL2”(Ellis1997:51)Structurallydifferentareasofthetwolanguagesinvolvedwouldresultininterference.Thistermwasusedtodescr

7、ibeanyinfluencefromtheL1whichwouldhaveaneffectontheacquisitionoftheL2.Thiswastheoriginofthetermtransfer.PositivetransferoccurredwheretherewasconcordancebetweentheL1andL2.Insuchasituation,acquisitionwouldtakeplacewithlittleornodifficulty.Negativetrans

8、fer,ontheotherhand,occurredwheretherewassomesortofdissonance（不一致）betweentheL1andL2.Inthiscase,acquisitionoftheL2wouldbemoredifficultandtakelongerbecauseofthe‘newness’(hence,difficulty)oftheL2structure.8.2Themanifestationsoftransfer8.2.1Errors(negativ