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1、TableofContentsPractice11Practice22Practice33Practice44Practice55Practice66Practice77Practice88Practice99Practice1010Practice1111Practice1212Practice1313Practice1414Practice1515Practice1616Practice1717Practice1818Practice1919Practice2020Practice2121Prac
2、tice2222Practice2323Practice2424Practice2525Practice2626Practice2727Practice2828Practice2929Practice3030AnswerKeys31Practice1Scientiststypicallysubmittheirpaperstotheeditorialboardofajournalspecializinginaparticularfieldofresearch. 1 thepaperi
3、sacceptedforpublication,theeditorialboardsendsitoutforpeerreview.Duringthisprocedureapanelofexperts,orreferees, 2 thepaper,judgingwhetherornottheresearchhasbeencarried 3 inafullyscientificmanner.Iftherefereesaresatisfied,publication
4、 4 .Iftheyhave 5 ,someoftheresearchmayhavetoberepeated,butifthey 6 seriousflaws,theentirepapermayberejectedforpublication.Thepeer-reviewprocessplaysacriticalrolebecauseit 7 highstandardsofscientificmethod. 8
5、 ,itcanbeacontroversialarea,asitallows 9 viewstobecomeinvolved.Becausescientistsarehuman,theycannotavoid 10 personalopinionsaboutthevalueofeachother’swork.Furthermore,becausereferees 11 tobeseniorfigures,theymaybelessthan
6、welcomingtoneworunorthodoxideas.Onceapaperhasbeenacceptedandpublished,itbecomespartofthevastand 12 bodyofscientificknowledge.Intheearlydaysofscience,newresearchwasalwayspublishedinprintedform,buttodayscientificinformationspreadsbymanydifferent
7、 13 .MostmajorjournalsarenowavailableviatheInternet,whichmakesthemquickly 14 toscientistsallovertheworld.Whennewresearchispublished,itoftenactsasaspringboardforfurtherwork.Itsimpactcanthenbe 15 byseeinghow 16 thep
8、ublishedresearchappearsasacitedwork.Majorscientificbreakthroughsarecitedthousandsoftimesayear,butattheother 17 ,obscurepiecesofresearchmaybecited 18 ornotatall.However,citationisnotalwaysa 19 guideto
