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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：THESOURCESOFINNOVATION出处：UniversityofCalifornia作者：EricvonHippel1overviewIthaslongbeenassumedthatproductinnovationsaretypicallydevelopedbyproductmanufacturers.Becausethisassumptiondealswiththebasicmatterofwhotheinnovatoris,ithasinevitablyhadamajorim
2、pactoninnovation-relatedresearch,onfirms'managementofresearchanddevelopment,andongovernmentinnovationpolicy.However,itnowappearsthatthisbasicassumptionisoftenwrong.InthisbookIbeginbypresentingaseriesofstudiesshowingthatthesourcesofinnovationvarygreatly.Insomefiel
3、ds,innovationusersdevelopmostinnovations.Inothers,suppliersofinnovation-relatedcomponentsandmaterialsarethetypicalsourcesofinnovation.Instillotherfields,conventionalwisdomholdsandproductmanufacturersareindeedthetypicalinnovators.Next,Iexplorewhythisvariationinthe
4、functionalsourcesofinnovationoccursandhowitmightbepredicted.Finally,Iproposeandtestsomeimplicationsofreplacingamanufacturer-as-innovatorassumptionwithaviewoftheinnovationprocessaspredictablydistributedacrossusers,manufacturers，suppliers,andothers.2variationsinthe
5、FunctionalSourceofInnovationWehaveseenthatuserssometimesinnovate.Butdotheyalways?Ordoesthefunctionalsourceofinnovationvaryinsomemannerbetweenusers,manufacturers,suppliers,andothers?Tobeabletoanswerthesequestions,wemusthavedataonthesourcesofinnovationcharacteristi
6、cofatleastafewmoretypesofinnovation.Therefore,mystudentsandIundertookthesixbriefstudiesIwilldescribeinthischapter.Eachofthesixstudiesexaminesadifferenttypeofinnovation.ThefirstfourIwillreviewconsiderinnovationcategorieschosentomatchmyownareasoftechnicalknowledgea
7、ndthoseofthegraduatestudentsparticipatinginourproject.ThechoiceoftopicsforthelasttwostudiesIwillreviewwasmadeonadifferentbasis,whichIwillspelloutwhendiscussingthem.Eachstudyusesidenticalmethods,sothattheirresultsarecommensurable,andeachistightlyfocusedonasingleis
8、sue:Whatarethesourcesofinnovation?ThesestudiesfindthatthefunctionalsourceofinnovationdiffersstrikinglyacrosstheseveraltypesofproductandprocessinnovationIhaveex
