一些语言学基本概念

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1、•IntroductionLWhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.WhatisLinguistics（语言学）Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage*3.SomeBasicDistinctions（区分）inLinguistics3.1SpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple（原则）oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspee

2、choverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope（范畴）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.3.2Descriptive（描述性）orPrescriptive（说明性）Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesforHcorrectHbehavior33Synchronic（共时）andDiachronic（历时）Studies

3、ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.3.4Langue（语言）andParole（言语）ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure（索绪尔）earlylastcentury,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyal

4、lthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized（实际的）language,orrealizationoflangue.3.5Coinpetence（能力）andPerformance（行为）Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances（发声）.4.TheScopeofLingu

5、isticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics（语音学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology（音韵学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguage

6、s.Morphology（词法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax（句法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics（语义学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics（应用语言学）isthestudyoftheteac

7、hingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics!历史语言学）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics（人文语言学）usesthetheoriesandme

8、thodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariat