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1、II.LexicalMeaning(GeoffreyLeech:Britishlinguist)Grammaticalmeaningisdominantinfunctionwords,whilelexicalmeaningisdominantincontentwords,butinneitherisgrammaticalmeaningabsent.Lexicalmeaningisdifferentfromgrammaticalmeaningintworespects:first,thelexicalmeaningofawordisthesameinallth
2、eformsofoneandthesameword,whilethegrammaticalmeaningvariesfromoneword-formtoanother;second,everywordhasadifferentlexicalmeaning,whereasthegrammaticalmeaningisthesameinidenticalsetsofindividualformsofdifferentwords.Hencewemaydescribelexicalmeaningasthatcomponentofmeaningpropertothew
3、ordasalexicalitem.1.Conceptualmeaning(denotation=extensional&intensionalmeaning/referentialmeaning/descriptivemeaning):a.conceptualmeaning:basicmeaningincommunication:(womanpigfox)b.conceptualmeaningcanbeclassifiedintoseveralsensecomponents:componentialanalysis:pig:animal/domestica
4、ted/havingalongbroadsnout/havingathick,fatbodycoveredwithcoarsebristles.tiger:animal/wild/flesh-eating/havingatawny（黄褐色的）coatstripedwithblack.c.概念意义是客观事实的反映或概括，是泛指，不是确指。因此客观事物变化了，conceptualmeaningmayalsochange:(penmanuscriptmarshaldeer)barn:存大麦的粮仓—谷仓—牲口仓wife:woman---amarriedwomanin
5、relationtoahusband.)d.apolysemicwordmayhaveseveralconceptualmeaningsaccordingtodifferentcontexts:operationpowerhead.Conceptualmeaningisthecoreoflexicalmeaning,andalltheotheraspectsoflexicalmeaningfallintoassociativemeaning2.Connotativemeaning:Woman:frail,pronetotears,emotional,inco
6、nstant,compassionate（有同情心的）,hard-working.Anyway,sheisawoman.Tomisapig(脏；贪吃).Heispigheaded(stubborn).Heisanass(foolish/stupid).a.Thesamewordmayhavedifferentconnotativemeaningsfordifferentpeople:Home,sweethome,thereisnoplacelikehome.Christmas快乐/快活收礼物,发愁;Chinese年关b.在不同语言中，connotation可
7、相同或不同：fox,lamb（宝贝，乖乖）,mother,tiger,wolf(色狼？),goat(色鬼）,white.‘Outinwestwheremenaremen.’‘Bloodisthickerthanwater.’‘Theworldisastage.’‘Lifeisadream.’Magpie吉利，喜气（汉语）；唠叨，饶舌的（英语）Owl恶运(Chinese)；冷静，智慧(English).Yellow(帝王/胆怯);chicken-hearted/chicken-livered(胆小如鼠);dragon.Anostrichpolicy:tobur
8、yone’sheadinthesandlikeano
