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1、1.“Designfeatures”hererefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability2.By“arbitrarines
2、s”,wemeanthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.3.Linguistsrefer“duality”(ofstructure)tothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigated,onefindstwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmea
3、ningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,wordsetc.);atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning4.“Displacement”,asoneofthedesignfeaturesofthehumanlanguage,referstothefactthatonecantalkabo
4、utthingsthatarenotpresent,aseasilyashedoesthingspresent.5.function:theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,inclucleimformative,performative,interpersonal,phatic,recreationalandmetalingual.6.The“phaticfunction”referstolanguagebeingusedforsettingupacertainatmosph
5、ereormaintainingsocialcontacts7.Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit.E.g.singing,poetrywriting.8.Metalingualfunction元语言功能Theuseoflanguagetomakestatementsaboutlanguageitself.9.Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablis
6、handmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople10.Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseoflanguagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker11.Performative行事功能Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.12.Phonetics语音学（研究speechsounds）isthestudyofspeechsounds,itincludest
7、hreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.1.Phonology音位学（研究speechsounds的结构分布排序规则）studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.2.Morphology形态学（研究最小词义）studiesthemini
8、malunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.3.Syntax句法学（研究组词成句的规则）referstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.4.Semantics语义学examineshowmeaningisencodedinalangua
