神经元和神经胶质细胞

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1、CellularNeurobiologyNeuroscienceResearchInstitutePekingUniversityDepartmentofNeurobiologyPekingUniversityHealthScienceCenterAlbertCheung-HoiYU于常海北京大學神經科學研究所achy@bjmu.edu.cnOneoftheCajal’smanydrawingsofBraincircuityTheletterslabelthedifferentelementsCajalidentifiedinanareaofthehumancerebra

2、lcortexthatcontrolsvoluntarymovement.Neurons:Excitablecells–“wiring”“SignalSenders”Neuroglia:Support,Nurturing,InsulationCellularComponentsNerveCellsNeuronsNeurogliaCellbody(soma;perikaryon)Axon:onlyone(branchesarecollaterals;terminalsareendfeet)Dendrites:muchshorter;oneormorethanone;bran

3、chextensivelyintodendritictreesStructureofNeuronsAxonHillock(Axonalendfeet)TheAxonandAxonCollateralsCellBody(Soma):LifeSupportProteinSynthesisSingleNucleus,RER(NisslBodies)Axon:LongestprocesstransmitsmessagesawayfromcellbodyDendrites:Multipleprocessesoffcellbody–receivemessagesNeuronsStru

4、cture&FunctionNeuronsaresimilartoothercellsinthebodyinsomewayssuchas:1.Neuronsaresurroundedbyamembrane.2.Neuronshaveanucleusthatcontainsgenes.3.Neuronscontain:Whatareinsideofaneuron?NucleusNucleolusMicrofilaments/NeurotubulesEndoplasmicReticulum(ER)MitochondriaGolgiApparatusNisslBodiesOth

5、ersDendrites:dendritetreeAxon:axonhillock(axonorigination)axonaltransportsysteminitialsegment(firstmyelinsheath)actionpotentialgenerationmyelinsheathAxonandDendritesAxonsDendritesTakeinformationawayfromthecellbodyTakeinformationtothecellbodySmoothsurfaceRoughsurface(dendriticspines)Genera

6、llyonly1axonpercellUsuallymanydendritespercellNoribosomeHaveribosomesCanhavemyelinNomyelininsulationBranchfurtherfromthecellbodyBranchnearthecellbodyDifferencesbetweenAxonsandDendritesNeuronClassificationbyShapeMultipolar:“multi-”manyprocessesMajority:Singleaxon,manydendrites(motorneurona

7、ndinterneuron)Bipolar:“bi-”2processesFoundinsomesensoryorgans(retina,taste,smell,innerearneuron)Unipolar(pseudo-unipolar):“uni-”1process(withbranches)Sensoryafferentneurons(dorsalrootganglia)ClassificationofNeuronsbyMorphologyClassificationofNeuronsbyAxonLengthGolgi