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1、Non-TariffBarriersNon-Tariffbarrierstointernationaltradearebarriersotherthantariffs.Severalnon-tariffbarriersaredescribedasfollows:ExportSubsidiesAsubsidyisapaymentbygovernmenttoadomesticproducer.Thesubsidyispaidforbydomestictaxpayers.Subsidiescan(amongotherthings)betaxbreaks,cashloans,
2、economicdevelopmentincentivestoattractinvestmenttoparticularlocales,governmentequityparticipationinadomesticenterprise,andbelowmarketorlowinterestrateloans.Subsidieshelpdomesticproducerscompetemoreeffectivelyagainstforeignproducersinthehomemarket,andenabledomesticproducerstoexportmoreth
3、anwouldotherwisebethecase.Theydothisbyreducingthecostofdoingbusiness.Thereislittleagreementonwhatactuallyconstitutesasubsidy.Forexample,didCanadasubsidizefishexportswhenitgavefishermengrantstobuyfishingtrawlers?DidtheUnitedKingdomsubsidizesteelwhenthegovernment-ownedsteelcompanyhadsever
4、elosses?Exportsubsidiesareattemptsbygovernmentstoincreasetradebypayingcompaniestoexport.TheU.S.MarketAccessProgram(formerlytheMarketPromotionProgram)isoneexampleofanexportsubsidy.ThefollowingcanbefoundontheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureForeignAgricultureServicewebsite:TheMarketAccessProgra
5、m(MAP),formerlytheMarketPromotionProgram,usesfundsfromtheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture's(USDA)CommodityCreditCorporation(CCC)tohelpU.S.producers,exporters,privatecompanies,andothertradeorganizationsfinancepromotionalactivitiesforU.S.agriculturalproducts.TheMAPencouragesthedevelopment,main
6、tenance,andexpansionofcommercialexportmarketsforagriculturalcommodities.Activitiesfinancedincludeconsumerpromotions,marketresearch,technicalassistance,andtradeservicing.AnotherwastheEUsubsidytoEuropeanfarmersforoilseedproductionthatledtolowerthanexpectedU.S.exportsofoilseeds(soybeans,su
7、nflowerseeds)totheEU.AlthoughtwoGATTpanelsruledthatoilseedsubsidieswereimproper,thesubsidiescontinued.TherefollowedthreatsofretaliationbytheUnitedStatesonwhitewine(a200%advaloremtariff),cutflowers,cheese,liqueurs,mushrooms,andseveralotherproducts,andcounter-threatsfromtheEU.The
