产权分析范式-阿尔钦

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1、ThePropertyRightParadigmArmenA.Aichian,HaroldDemsetzTheJournalofEconomicHistoryVolume33,Issue1TheTasksofEconomicHistoryMarch1973,16-27.IndexIntroductionTheStructureofRightsTheSocialConsequencesoftheStructureofRightsTheDevelopmentofPropertyRightsStructuresBibliographicalA

2、ppendixIntroductionECONOMICStextbooksinvariablydescribetheimportanteconomicchoicesthatallsocietiesmustmakebythefollowingthreequestions:Whatgoodsaretobeproduced?Howarethesegoodstobeproduced?Whoistogetwhatisproduced?Thiswayofstatingsocialchoiceproblemsismisleading.Economic

3、organizationsnecessarilydoresolvetheseissuesinonefashionoranother,buteventhemostcentralizedsocietiesdonotandcannotspecifytheanswertothesequestionsinadvanceandindetail.Itismoreusefulandnearertothetruthtoviewasocialsystemasrelyingontechniques,rules,orcustomstoresolveconfli

4、ctsthatariseintheuseofscarceresourcesratherthanimaginingthatsocietiesspecifytheparticularusestowhichresourceswillbeput.Sincethesameresourcecannotsimultaneouslybeusedtosatisfycompetingdemands,conflictsofinterestwillberesolvedonewayortheother.Thearrangementsfordoingthisrun

5、thefullgamutofhumanexperienceandincludewar,strikes,elections,religiousauthority,legalarbitration,exchange,andgambling・Eachsocietyemploysamixofsuchdevices,andthedifferencebetweensocialorganizationsconsistslargelyintheemphasistheygivetoparticularmethodsforresolvingthesocia

6、lproblemsassociatedwithresourcescarcity.Capitalismreliesheavilyonmarketsandprivatepropertyrightstoresolveconflictsovertheuseofscarceresources.Thesefundamentalcharacteristicsofanidealizedcapitalisticsystemhavebeentakenforgrantedbymostmainstreameconomistseventhoughthedisci

7、plineofeconomicsdevelopedcontemporaneouslywithWesternstylecapitalism.Itisunfortunatethatthestudyoftheunderpinningsofcapitalismhasbeenleftbydefaulttoitscriticsontheleft.Butrecentyearshavewitnessedincreasingattentiontothesubjectofpropertyrightsandtothebeginningofasomewhatd

8、ifferentapproachtotheanalysisofsocialproblemsthatfindtheirsourceinGratefulacknowledgementforaidismadeto