谬论的英文分析Fallacy

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1、LESSON#7FallaciesofRelevanceReadingAssignment:3.1and3.2(pp.113-134)Clickheretoskipthefollowingdiscussionandgostraighttotheassignments.InChapter3wewillbedealingwiththecontentoftheargumentandnotwiththeform.Wewillbeidentifyingvarioustypesofdefectsinargumentthatcan't

2、berecognizedbymerelylookingattheform.Wecallthesedefectsinformalfallacies.(Defectsthathavetodowiththeformarecalledformalfallacies,notsurprisingly.)Eachsectionwillintroduceanumberofnewfallaciesandthenyouwillbeaskedtoidentifythetypesoffallaciesinparticulararguments.

3、Youwillneedtoconsidercarefullytherelationbetweentheconclusionandthereasonsgiventosupporttheconclusion,i.e.,theinferentialrelationship.Trytodeterminewhatisreallygoingonintheargument.Thewaythefallaciesarepresentedinthistextbookisabitproblematic,inmyopinion.Grouping

4、themtogetherintheirownchapterencouragesustoforgetthattheseareallmerelyproblematicinstancesofotherwisegoodreasoningforms.Sometimesstudentsgetsoexcitedabout"fallacyhunting"thattheyconsideranyanalogyafalseanalogy,oranygeneralizationahastyone;ortheyrejectanyreference

5、toauthority,forgettingthatthesearethemainwayswegetnewinformation."Fallacyhunting"canalsoleadustoforgetthatonlyintendedargumentscanbefallacies.Nomatterhowdiremythreats,IamnotcommittingthefallacyofappealtoforceifIamnotpresentingthethreatasapremiseinanargument.I'msi

6、mplybeingabully.Similarlywithattackingsomeone'scharacter.Itmaybeabadthingtodo,butitisn'tadhominemabusiveunlessthecharactersmearisgivenasareasontodisregardthesmeeree'sargument.Thissaid...it'sfallacyseason--happyhunting!!SummaryofSection3.2Allofthesefallacieslackal

7、ogicalconnectionbetweenthepremisesandtheconclusion,thoughtheremightbeapsychologicaloremotionalconnection.1.AppealtoForce-Thisargumentusesaphysicalorpsychologicalthreatasareasontobelieveaconclusion.Obviouslyifsomeoneusesforcetoarguethatyoushoulddosomething,self-pr

8、eservationmaygiveyouastrongmotivetodowhattheysay,Butevenifyoucomply,youwouldn'tsaythattheyhaveusedgoodreasoningtogetyoutodoit.2.AppealtoPity-Thisargumentusespi