土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

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1、徐州工程学院08级土木（1）班课程考试试卷考试科目考试时间学生姓名所在院系任课教师专业英语2011.5.20土木学院徐州工程学院印制StabilityofSlopes9.1IntroductionGravitationalandseepageforcestendtocauseinstabilityinnaturalslopes,inslopesformedbyexcavationandintheslopesofembankmentsandearthdams.ThemostimportanttypesofslopefailureareillustratedinFig.9

2、.1.Inrotationalslipstheshapeofthefailuresurfaceinsectionmaybeacirculararcoranon-circularcurve.Ingeneral,circularslipsareassociatedwithhomogeneoussoilconditionsandnon-circularslipswithnon-homogeneousconditions.Translationalandcompoundslipsoccurwheretheformofthefailuresurfaceisinfluencedb

3、ythepresenceofanadjacentstratumofsignificantlydifferentstrength.Translationalslipstendtooccurwheretheadjacentstratumisatarelativelyshallowdepthbelowthesurfaceoftheslope:thefailuresurfocetendstobeplaneandroughlyparalleltotheslope.Compoundslipsusuallyoccurwheretheadjacentstratumisatgreate

4、rdepth,thefailuresurfaceconsistingofcurvedandplanesections.Inpractice,limitingequilibriummethodsareusedintheanalysisofslopestability.Itisconsideredthatfailureisonthepointofoccurringalonganassumedoraknownfailuresurface.Theshearstrengthrequiredtomaintainaconditionoflimitingequilibriumisco

5、mparedwiththeavailableshearstrengthofthesoil,givingtheaveragefactorofsafetyalongthefailuresurface.Theproblemisconsideredintwodimensions,conditionsofplanestrainbeingassumed.Ithasbeenshownthatatwo-dimensionalanalysisgivesaconservativeresultforafailureonathrcc-dimcnsional(dish-shapcd)surfa

6、ce.9.1AnalysisfortheCaseof(pu=0Thisanalysis,intermsoftotalstress,coverstheeaseofafullysaturatedclayunderundrainedconditions,i.c.Fortheconditionimmediatelyafterconstruction.Onlymomentequilibriumisconsideredintheanalysis.Insection,thepotentialfailuresurfaceisassumedtobeacirculararc.Atrial

7、failuresurfacc(ccntrcO,radiusrandlengthLa)isshowninFig.9.2.Potentialinstabilityisduetothetotalweightofthesoilmass(WperunitLength)abovethefailuresurface.ForequilibriumtheshearstrengthwhichmustbemobilizedalongthefailuresurfaceisexpressedaswhereFisthefactorofsafetywithrespecttoshe