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1、句子成分:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语一、主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassar
2、egirls.(数词)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式短语)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)Itisreportedthat5000peoplewerekilledintheeart
3、hquake.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的主语从句)二、谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.(动词或动词短语)Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.(情态动词+V原)Hehascaughtabadcold.(助动词+V)Wearestudents.(系动词+表语)三、表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后
4、。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours?(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)T
5、imeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)四、宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyester
6、day.(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisnotsuitableforthispost.(宾语从句)Lendme(间接宾语)yourdictionary(直接宾语),please.(双宾语)Theyelectedhim(宾语)theirmonitor(宾补).(复合宾语)五、宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般是某些及物动词(如s
7、ee/watch/observe/notice/hear/feel/make/find/name/call/elect/have/get/leave/keep等+宾语+宾补)和with+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroo
8、m.(现在分词)Ihavetohavemyhaircut.(过去分词)Wefoundevery