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1、Rabid进一步认为，人存在自我控制问题，但何时意识到这一问题存在呢？后者对决策更重要。根据对自我控制问题的意识程度不同，人们可分为三类：1)成熟型(sophisticated)o这类人充分意识到自身存在自我控制问题，并门.倾向于准确预测未來的行为。2)幼稚型(naive)o这类人根本没有意识到口身存在的自我控制问题，会错误地预测口己未来的行为。3)偏幼稚型(partiallynaive)o这类人能够意识到自身的口我控制问题，但低估这一问题造成的影响。拉宾通过一个修正的贴现效用模型讨论了三种白我控制问题：T…，坷)三舛+式中0表示口我控制问题，说明人们偏好的不稳定。特别是，当0〈1时
2、，未来的效用的现值更小，说明即使经过贴现，人们仍然偏好现在的消费。即人们不愿等待。SomeSpecificApplicationsConsumption・SavingDecisionsLaibson(1994,1996,1997,1998),Laibsonetal(1998),andAngeletosetal(2001,)considertheroleofself-controlproblemsforconsumption-savingdecisions・Themaineffectofhavingself-controlproblemsisover-consumption,orequ
3、ivalentlyunder-saving.Sophisticatedself-controlproblemsarebetterabletoexplainthingssuchaspeople'sliquidassetholdings(relativetomonthlyincomeandrelativetoilliquidassetholdings),consumptionincomecomovement,dropsinconsumptionatretirement,andhighcredit-carddebt.Moreover,theyclaimthattheirconclusion
4、swouldbethesameiftheyweretoconsidernaiveself-controlproblemsinsteadofsophisticatedself-controlproblems・AddictionO5DonoghueandRabin(1999d,2000/?),GruberandKoszegi(2001),andCarrillo(1999)considertheroleofself-controlproblemsforaddiction.Onekeyfeatureofharmfuladdictiveproductssuchascigarettesistha
5、tcurrentconsumptioncreatesfuturecosts,andhencethedecisionwhethertoconsumeboilsdowntowhetherthecurrentdesiretoconsumeoutweighsthefuturecostofthisconsumption.Becauseself-controlproblemsmakeapersonmorepronetoconcludethatcurrentconsumptionisworthwhile,themaineffectofself-controlproblemsisatendencyt
6、oover-consumeaddictive1TedO'DonoghueandMatthewRabin,SelfAwarenessandSelfControl,December30,2001,ToappearasachapterinNoworLater:EconomicandPsychologicalPerspectivesonIntertemporalChoice,editedbyRoyBaumeister,GeorgeLoewenstein,andDanielRead,publishedbyRussellSageFoundationPress・products.More,anad
7、dictedpersonmightsuffersevereharmbecausesheprocrastinatesquitting一shewantstoquit,andalwaysplanstoquitinthenearfuture,butnevergetsaroundtoit.投资者行为授课文献：MeirStatman,2002,“Acenturyofinvestors",SantaClaraUniversityLeaveySchoolofBusines
