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1、外文翻译原文HarvardBusinessReviewMaterialsource：HarvardBusinessReviewAuthor：PorterM.ENowthatcompaniescansourcecapital;goods,information,andtechnologyfromaroundtheworld,oftenwiththeclickofamouse,muchoftheconventionalwisdomabouthowcompaniesandnationscompeteneedstobeoverhauled.Intheory,moreopenglobalmarket
2、sandfastertransportationandcommunicationshoulddiminishtheroleoflocationincompetition.Afterall,anythingthatcanheefficientlysourcedfromadistancethroughglobalmarketsandcorporatenetworksisavailabletoanycompanyandthereforeisessentiallynullifiedasasourceofcompetitiveadvantage.Butiflocationmattersless,wh
3、y,then,isittruethattheoddsoffindingaworld-classmutual-fundcompanyinBostonaremuchhigherthaninmostanyotherplace？Whycouldthesamebesaidoftextile-relatedcompaniesinNorthCarolinaandSouthCarolina,ofhigh-performanceautocompaniesinsouthernGermany,oroffashionshoecompaniesinnorthernItaly?Today'seconomicmapof
4、theworldisdominatedbywhatIcallclusters:criticalmasses-inoneplace-ofunusualcompetitivesuccessinparticularfields.Clustersareastrikingfeatureofvirtuallyeverynational,regional,state,andevenmetropolitaneconomy,especiallyinmoreeconomicallyadvancednations.SiliconValleyandHollywoodmaybetheworld'sbest-know
5、nclusters.Clustersarenotunique,however;theyarebiologytypical-andthereinliesaparadox:theenduringcompetitiveadvantagesinaglobaleconomylieincreasinglyinlocalthings-knowledge,relationships,motivation-thatdistantrevealcannotmatch.Althoughlocationremainsfundamentaltocompetition,itsroletodaydiffersvastly
6、fromagenerationago.Inanerawhencompetitionwasdrivenheavilybyinputcosts,locationswithsomeimportantendowment-anaturalharbor,forexample,orasupplyofcheaplabor-oftenenjoyedacomparativeadvantagethatwasbothcompetitivelydecisiveandpersistentovertime.Competitionintoday'seconomyisfarmoredynamic.Companiescanm
7、itigatemanyinput-costdisadvantagesthroughglobalsourcing,renderingtheoldnotionofcomparativeadvantagelessrelationandcompetitivesuccessinsomanyfieldsaregeographicallyconcentrated-whetherit'sentertainmentinHollywood,
