【素材】Module 3 文本 Literature (外研)

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1、LiteratureOldbookbindingsattheMertonCollegelibrary.Literatureistheartofwrittenworks.Literallytranslated,thewordmeans"acquaintancewithletters"(fromLatinlitteraletter).InWesternculturethemostbasicwrittenliterarytypesincludefictionandnon-fiction.DefinitionsLitera

2、tureMajorformsNovel ·Poem ·DramaShortstory ·NovellaGenresEpic ·Lyric ·DramaRomance ·SatireTragedy ·ComedyTragicomedyMediaPerformance(play) ·BookTechniquesProse ·PoetryHistoryandlistsBasictopics ·LiterarytermsHistory ·ModernhistoryBooks ·WritersLiteraryawards ·

3、PoetryawardsDiscussionCriticism ·Theory ·MagazinesTheword"literature"hasdifferentmeaningsdependingonwhoisusingit.Itcouldbeappliedbroadlytomeananysymbolicrecord,encompassingeverythingfromimagesandsculpturestoletters.Inamorenarrowsensethetermcouldmeanonlytextcom

4、posedofletters,orotherexamplesofsymbolicwrittenlanguage(Egyptianhieroglyphs,forexample).Anevenmorenarrowinterpretationisthattexthaveaphysicalform,suchasonpaperorsomeotherportableform,totheexclusionofinscriptionsordigitalmedia.TheMuslimscholarandphilosopherImam

5、Ja'faral-Sadiq(702-765AD)definedLiteratureasfollows:"Literatureisthegarmentwhichoneputsonwhathesaysorwritessothatitmayappearmoreattractive."[1]addedthatliteratureisasliceoflifethathasbeengivendirectionandmeaning,anartisticinterpretationoftheworldaccordingtothe

6、percipient'spointofviews.Frequently,thetextsthatmakeupliteraturecrossedovertheseboundaries.RussianFormalistRomanJakobsondefinesliteratureas"organizedviolencecommittedonordinaryspeech",highlightingliterature'sdeviationfromtheday-to-dayandconversationalstructure

7、ofwords.Illustratedstories,hypertexts,cavepaintingsandinscribedmonumentshaveallatonetimeoranotherpushedtheboundariesof"literature."Peoplemayperceiveadifferencebetween"literature"andsomepopularformsofwrittenwork.Theterms"literaryfiction"and"literarymerit"oftens

8、ervetodistinguishbetweenindividualworks.Forexample,almostallliteratepeopleperceivetheworksofCharlesDickensas"literature,"whereassomecritics[citationneeded]lookdownontheworksofJeffr