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1、Chapter1arbitraryDescribesthepropertyoflanguage,includingsignlanguage,wherebythereisnonaturalorintrinsicrelationshipbetweenthewayawordispronounced(orsigned)anditsmeaning.descriptivegrammarAlinguist’sdescriptionormodelofthementalgrammar,includingtheunits,structures,andr
2、ules.Anexplicitstatementofwhatspeakersknowabouttheirlanguage.Cf.prescriptivegrammar,teachinggrammar.grammarThementalrepresentationofaspeaker’slinguisticcompetence;whataspeakerknowsaboutalanguage,includingitsphonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,andlexicon.Alinguisticde
3、scriptionofaspeaker’smentalgrammar.lexiconThecomponentofthegrammarcontainingspeakers’knowledgeaboutmorphemesandwords;aspeaker’smentaldictionary.morphologyThestudyofthestructureofwords;thecomponentofthegrammarthatincludestherulesofwordformation.phonologyThesoundsystemof
4、alanguage;thecomponentofagrammarthatincludestheinventoryofsounds(phoneticandphonemicunits)andrulesfortheircombinationandpronunciation;thestudyofthesoundsystemsofalllanguages.semanticsThestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofmorphemes,words,phrases,andsentences.signlanguagesThel
5、anguagesusedbydeafpeopleinwhichlinguisticunitssuchasmorphemesandwordsaswellasgrammaticalrelationsareformedbymanualandotherbodymovements.syntaxTherulesofsentenceformation;thecomponentofthementalgrammarthatrepresentsspeakers’knowledgeofthestructureofphrasesandsentences.U
6、niversalGrammar(UG)Theinnateprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhumanlanguages.Chapter2anomiaAformofaphasiainwhichpatientshaveword-findingdifficulties.aphasiaLanguagelossordisordersfollowingbraindamage.cortexTheapproximatelytenbillionneuronsthatformtheo
7、utsidesurfaceofthebrain;alsoreferredtoasgraymatter.criticalagehypothesisThetheorythatstatesthatthereisawindowoftimebetweenearlychildhoodandpubertyforlearningafirstlanguage,andbeyondwhichfirstlanguageacquisitionisalmostalwaysincomplete.lateralization,lateralizedTermused
8、torefertocognitivefunctionslocalizedtooneortheothersideofthebrain.magneticresonanceimagingAtechniquetoinvestigatethem
