语言学重点概念总结

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1、lDesignfeatures（定义特征）:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.Synchronic（共时的）:saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.Diachronic（历时的）:saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.Prescriptive（

2、规定式）:tomakeanauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.Descriptive（描写式）:tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.Competence（语言能力）:unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。Performance（语言运用）:t

3、helanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。Langue（语言）:thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity”.一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。Parole（言语）:theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.说话人实际说的话语。lPhonology（音系学）：thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguage.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgover

4、nthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet（国际音标）:asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphoneti

5、ctheoryandpractice.CardinalVowels（基本元音）:asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.Assimilation（同化现象）:aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound,atermoftenuse

6、dsynonymouslywith“coarticulation”.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itiscalledregressive”assimilation”;theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownasprogressive”assimilation”.MaximalOnsetPrinciple（最大节首原则）:aprinciplefordividingthesyllablewhenthereisac

7、lusterofconsonantsbetweentwovowels,whichstatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.lMorpheme（语素）:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitth