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1、Chapter2PeterNewmarkSemanticandCommunicativeTranslationGuidedReadingPeterNewmark(1916)isanaccomplishedtranslationscholaraswellasanexperiencedtranslator.Hehastranslatedanumberofbooksandarticlesandpublishedextaensivelyontranslation.HispublicationsontranslationincludeAppro
2、achestoTranslation(1981),AboutTranslation(1983),ParagraphsonTranslation段落翻译(1985),ATextbookofTranslation翻译教程(1988),andMoreParagraphsonTranslation(1993).InhisworkApproachestoTranslation,Newmarkproposestwotypesoftranslation:semantictranslation语义翻译andcommunicativetranslati
3、on交际翻译.Semantictranslationfocusesprimarilyuponthesemanticcontentofthesourcetextwhereascommunicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.ThisdistinctionresultsfromhisdisapprovalofNida'sassumption假定，假设，设想；假装；承担，担任thatalltranslatingiscomm
4、unicating,andtheoverriding最主要的，最优先的principleofanytranslationistoachieve"equivalenteffect".ForNewmark,thesuccessofequivalenteffectis"illusory",andthat"theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtargetlanguageswillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslatio
5、ntheoryandpractice"(1981:38).Tonarrowthegap,Newmark系统地阐述，确切地表达；规划，构想出formulateshisconceptsof"communicativetranslation"and"semantictranslation",whichinasense从某种意义上说aresimilartoNida's"dynamicequivalenttranslation"and"formalequivalenttranslation".Newmarksadmits"communicati
6、vetranslation"isacommonmethodandcouldbeusedinmanytypesoftranslation.Nevertheless,hejustifies证明……正当/有理，为……辩护thelegitimacy合法性，正当；合理性，妥当；嫡出，正统of"semantictranslation"inthefollowingthreeaspects.Firstly,alltranslationsdependonthethree一分为二，二分法；本质对立dichotomies,namely,theforeign
7、andnativecultures,thetwolanguages,thewriterandthetranslator.Hence,itisunlikelytohaveauniversaltheorythatcouldincludeallthesefactors.Secondly,previousdiscussionsonmethodsoftranslation,eitherNida's"dynamicequivalence"orNabokow's"literaltranslation",doesnotreflecttheactual
8、realityoftranslationmethod,foreachofthemeitherrecommendsoneor贬低，轻视disparagestheother.Thirdly,thesocialfactors,
