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1、Commas,Periods,Semicolons,ColonsWhatstheDi erence?HelpfulTipsforCommaUse(therearealotofplacestouseacomma!)•Beforeacoordinatingconjunctionthatjoinstwoindependentclauses(completesentences).•Thecoordinatingconjunctions,alsoknownasFANBOYS:For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.•Afteranintroductoryphrase,
2、clause,orword.•Inbetweenallitemsinalist.•Topreventconfusion–there’sabigdifferencebetweenLet’seat,Grandma!andLet’seatGrandma.Don’tbeaGrandma-eater.Useacomma.WhentoUseaPeriod•Toendsentencesthatarenotquestionsorexclamations.•Inabbreviations(Mr.,Mrs.,a.m.,i.e.,Dr.,Ph.d.,etc.)WhentoUseaSemico
3、lon(;)•Tojointwoindependentclauses(completesentences)thatarecloselyrelatedinsubject.-Example:Mygrandmamakesgreatmashedpotatoes;IwouldrathereatmashedpotatoesthaneatGrandma.-Incorrect:Mygrandmamakesgreatmashedpotatoes;andgoodgreenbeans.•Aquickandeasytestforsemicolonuseistoreadeachhalfofthe
4、sentenceasifitwereitsown,separatesentence.Isonesideofthesemicolonasentencefragment?Can’tuseasemicolonthere!•Betweentwoindependentclausesthatuseatransitionalexpression(moreover,nevertheless,similarly,therefore,etc.)-Example:Grandmadoesnotapproveofcannibalism;therefore,wewillnoteatGrandma.
5、WhentoUseaColon(:)•Afteranindependentclause(completesentence)todirectattentiontoalist,quote,summary,orexplanation.•Accordingtoconvention(i.e.,inaheading,inwritingtime,inaratio,etc.).ThingstoWatchOutFor•The“wimpy”comma–commasarenotstrongenoughtoholdaparttwoindependentclauses.-Incorrect:My
6、brotheroncetriedtotakeabiteoutofGrandma,shewasnothappywithhisappetite.(Thisisincorrectbecausebothhalvesofthesentenceareindependentclauses–wimpycomma!)-Correct:MybrotheroncetriedtotakeabiteoutofGrandma,andshewasnothappywithhisappetite.(Thisiscorrectbecauseweuseacoordinatingconjunction“and
7、”alongwiththecommatojointhetwohalvesofthesentence.)•Youdonotneedacommabeforethefirstorafterthelastiteminalist.•Overuseofexclamationpointswhereaperiodisneeded–itisveryrarethatanexclamationpointisusedinaformalessayatall
