曼昆宏观经济学(英文版)名词解释.doc

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1、GDPisthemarketvalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.Consumptionisspendingbyhouseholdsngoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasedofnewhousing.Investmentisspendingoncapitalequipmentinventories,andstructures,includinghouseholdpurchasesofnewhousing・Governmentpurchase

2、sarcspendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,adfederalgovernment.Netexportisspendingondomesticallyproducedgoodsbyforeigners(exports)minusspendingonforeigngoodsbydomesticresidents(imports)NominalGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatcurrentprices・RealGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvalueda

3、tconstantprices.GDPdeflatorisameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDFtorealGDPtimes100.CPIismeasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.Inflationrateisthepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromtheprecedingperiod・Producerpriceindex(PPI)isameasureofthecostofabaske

4、tofgoodsandservicesboughtbyfirms.Nominalinterestrateistheinterestrateasusuallyreportedwithoutacorrectionoftheeffectsofinflation.Realinterestrateistheinterestratecorrectedfortheeffectsofinflation・Productivityistheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker'stime・Physicalcapitalisthestocko

5、fequipmentandstructuresthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservices.Humancapitalistheknowledgeandskillsthatworkersacquirethrougheducation,training,andexperience・Naturalresourcesarctheinputsintotheproductionofgoodsandservicesthatarcprovidedbynature.Technologicalknowledgeissociety'sunderstandingofthebesways

6、toproducegoodsandservices.Diminishingreturnsarethepropertywherebythebenefitfromanextraunitofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases.Catch-upeffectisthepropertywherebycontinuesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrich.Financialsystemisthegroupofinstitutionsintheecon

7、omythathelptomatchoneperson^savingwithanotherpersoninvestment.Financialmarketsarcfinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers.BondisacertificateofindebtednessStockisaclaimtopartialow