Lecture_2-GovernmentandMarket.ppt

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1、GovernmentandMarketLecture2MODERNSTATEANDMODERNECONOMY上海交通大学国际与公共事务学院黄琪轩ReadingforthisweekJeffreyHerbst,“WarandtheStateinAfrica”,inInternationalSecurity.14:4:(Spring1990)117-139.1.WhydoStatesExistatall?A,Institutionaleconomics:Statesexistbecausetheyareneededtosolvevar

2、ioustransactioncosts.B,ClassicalpoliticalTheory(Hobbes,Locke,etc):Contractualapproach.People“demand”authorityforsakeofsecurity2.StatesasCrimeSyndicateStatesasorganizedcrime:Tilly,Olson,othersRovingbanditsstationarybanditSomedegreeofconsent(implicitcontract)Protectioni

3、mpliesmeanstoabilitytoensurethepeaceCrimesyndicate,cont’dStateactivities:1)warmaking:eliminateexternalrivalstotheirsovereigntyCrimesyndicate,cont’dCrimesyndicate,cont’d2)statemaking:eliminaterivalsinsidetheirterritory;Crimesyndicate,cont’d3)protection:eliminatetheenemi

4、esoftheirclients;4)extraction:findingthemoneytocarryoutthesefirstthreeactivitiesCrimesyndicate,Cont’dThisvariesasafunctionof:1.thedistributionofeconomic,militaryandpoliticalresourcesamonghisrivals,subjectsandagents;2.hiscapacitytomeasuretheeconomicvalueofwhatisproduced

5、andtradedinhisdomain;3.hiscapacitytomonitorcompliance3.TheStateandTaxationThebiggestsingleproblemforstatesishowtofinancethemselves:Stateformationmotoredbyneedtobuildextractivecapacity;Taxationimpliesdegreeofpopularconsent(asrepeatedtaxrevoltssuggest)NationalismTheState

6、andTaxation(cont’d)Combinationofeconomicstructureandstatecapabilityshapesextractionandthusnatureofstate:InsufficientproductionSegmentedandweakmarketsInruraleconomy,easiertotaxtraderatherthanproductionTaxes,cont’dEarlystatestructuresmarketsforfiscalreasons:BuildmarketsA

7、llowlandtitlesandregisterthemUndertakenorms,measures,etcEarlystatestaxationreflectlimitedcapacity,need:--tithe,Polltax--Predends,--seigneurage(moneycreation)--borrowingTaxes,Cont’dProblems:taxrevolts,inefficienttaxesIncreaseintaxationgreaterpopularparticipationtobuild

8、consentIncreaseintaxationbureaucracyThe“structuraldependence”oncapital:Themoremobiletheasset,thelessyoucantaxit.4.Wa