chapter 7Changes in Word Meaning.ppt

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1、Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning7.0Introductionglad:“brightandshining”;meat:“foodingeneral”;ready:“preparedforride”;bread:“meat,asmallpiece”sports7.1fourmajortypesofchange:①extensionofmeaning②narrowingofmeaning③elevationofmeaning.④degradationofmeaning.7.2causesofchange①theextra-linguisticfactors②ling

2、uisticfactors7.1.1.ExtensionofMeaning(orgeneralization)(词义的扩大)extensionoftheword-rangethewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergoItisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.e.g.paper—fromtheGreekpapyrus：anEgyptianplantbylaw—originally“avillagelaw.”pipe—asimp

3、lemusicalinstrument;holiday，economy,sandwich7.1.2．NarrowingofMeaning(orspecialization)(词义的缩小)Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense,awordsbecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialmeaning．e.g.hospital:loungefortravellersgirl:youngpersoncity:businesscentr

4、eofLondonshroud:clothesgeneral:ageneralofficer7.1.3．ElevationofMeaning(oramelioration)(词义的升格)Itreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.e.g.marshal:aservantwholooksaftermares/keeperofhorseminister:servantnice:ignorant,foolishfond:foolish7.1.4DegradationofMeani

5、ng(ordegeneration)(词义的降格)Itisaprocesswherebynon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.itismuchmorecommonforwordmeaningstochangeindenotationfromneutraltopejorativethanitisforthemtogotheotherway．e.g.sad:calm,serioussorryfulcunning:knowingaskillfulgossip,crafty.wench:girl,youngwomanaloosewoman

6、,prostituteboor:peasantill-manneredperson7.1.5.Transfer词义的转移(inlearningtheory)thecarryingoveroflearnedbehaviourfromonetosituationtoanther.[（学习理论中）指将学会了的行为从一种情境转移到另一种情境。]1)AssociatedTransfer(联想转移)通过联想而产生词义转移,即原指称某一事物的词后来转指称另一事物的演化过程。figurativeextensione.g.thelipofawound/acupthetongueofabell/offire

7、theteethofasaw/acombthenoseofaplane/aship2)Transferbetweenabstractandconcretee.g.room:a.spacec.threeroomsgrasp:a.afirmholdwiththehandsandarmsc.powerorabilitytounderstand(Sheseemstohaveagoodgraspofthesubject.)3)Transfer