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1、InsuranceHistoryofinsuranceInsomesensewecansaythatinsuranceappearssimultaneouslywiththeappearanceofhumansociety.Weknowoftwotypesofeconomiesinhumansocieties:naturalornon-monetaryeconomies(usingbarterandtradewithnocentralizednorstandardizedsetoffinancialinstruments)andmoremodernmonetaryeconomies(with

2、markets,currency,financialinstrumentsandsoon).Theformerismoreprimitiveandtheinsuranceinsucheconomiesentailsagreementsofmutualaid.Ifonefamily'shouseisdestroyedtheneighboursarecommittedtohelprebuild.Granarieshousedanotherprimitiveformofinsurancetoindemnifyagainstfamines.Ofteninformalorformallyintrins

3、ictolocalreligiouscustoms,thistypeofinsurancehassurvivedtothepresentdayinsomecountrieswheremodernmoneyeconomywithitsfinancialinstrumentsisnotwidespread.Turningtoinsuranceinthemodernsense(i.e.,insuranceinamodernmoneyeconomy,inwhichinsuranceispartofthefinancialsphere),earlymethodsoftransferringordist

4、ributingriskwerepractisedbyChineseandBabyloniantradersaslongagoasthe3rdand2ndmillenniaBC,respectively.Chinesemerchantstravellingtreacherousriverrapidswouldredistributetheirwaresacrossmanyvesselstolimitthelossduetoanysinglevessel'scapsizing.TheBabyloniansdevelopedasystemwhichwasrecordedinthefamousCo

5、deofHammurabi,c.1750BC,andpractisedbyearlyMediterraneansailingmerchants.Ifamerchantreceivedaloantofundhisshipment,hewouldpaythelenderanadditionalsuminexchangeforthelender'sguaranteetocanceltheloanshouldtheshipmentbestolenorlostatsea.AchaemenianmonarchsofAncientPersiawerethefirsttoinsuretheirpeoplea

6、ndmadeitofficialbyregisteringtheinsuringprocessingovernmentalnotaryoffices.TheinsurancetraditionwasperformedeachyearinNorouz(beginningoftheIranianNewYear);theheadsofdifferentethnicgroupsaswellasotherswillingtotakepart,presentedgiftstothemonarch.Themostimportantgiftwaspresentedduringaspecialceremony

7、.Whenagiftwasworthmorethan10,000Derrik(Achaemeniangoldcoin)theissuewasregisteredinaspecialoffice.Thiswasadvantageoustothosewhopresentedsuchspecialgifts.Forothers,thepresentswerefairlyassessedbytheconfidants