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1、MaterialsphysicsP.ChaudhariIBMWatsonResearchCenter,P.O.Box218,YorktownHeights,NewYork10598M.S.DresselhausMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,Massachusetts02139-4307Extraordinaryadvancesinmaterialsphysicshaveoccurredoverthelastcentury.Theseadvancesha
2、vein¯uencedalmosteveryaspectofhumanendeavor.Inthisnote,theauthorssketchsomeoftheseexcitingdevelopmentsinstructural,polymeric,andelectronicmaterials.[S0034-6861(99)01502-0]I.INTRODUCTIONchangedoverthelasthundredyearsor,forthatmatter,throughoutthehistoryofhuma
3、ncivilization.MaterialsOverthelastonehundredyearstherehavebeenstun-researchcameoutofthepracticalneedsofmankind.ningadvancesinmaterialsresearch.AttheturnoftheErasofcivilizationwerenamedaftermaterials,socen-lastcenturywedidnotknowwhattheatomicstructuretralhasb
4、eentheirroleinachievingmankind'smasteryofamaterialwas.Today,notonlydoweknowthestruc-overnature.The®eldofmaterialsresearchcantraceitsture,butweroutinelymakearti®cialstructuresthatre-rootstoalchemy,metallurgy,naturalphilosophy,andquireplacementofatomsatspeci®e
5、dlocations,thatmixevenart,aspracticedovermanycenturies.However,theatomstocreatepropertiesnotfoundinnaturallyoccur-®eldofmodernmaterialsresearch,asrepresentedbyringmaterials,thathavethefunctionalityneededbyto-materialsphysics,isonlyaboutsixtyyearsold.day'stec
6、hnology,andthatadjusttheirpropertiestoaShiftsinmaterialsusagefromonetypetoanotherarechangingenvironment(smartmaterials).Overthelastusuallygradual.Thisisduetotheverylargeinvestmentsfewyearswehavebeguntomanipulateindividualatomsassociatedwithproductsinthemater
7、ials-relatedindus-toformstructuresthatenableustoexplorescienti®cissues,butthatwillsurelyleadtoprofoundtechnologi-tries,complexrelationshipsbetweenreliabilityandfunc-calandsocialconsequences;forexample,themanipula-tionality,environmentalissues,andenergydemand
8、s.tionofnucleotidesinaDNAmolecule,whichisthenHowever,measuredovertime,theseshiftsbecomequitecorrelatedwiththefunctioningof,say,ageneandwithperceptible.Forexample,inautomobilestheratioofitsexpres
