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1、学习类GREISSUE写作论证论据素材 以下是资料下载小编为大家整理的GREISSUE写作论证论据素材，希望对大家备考有帮助，赶快下载全篇吧。 1亚里士多德观点：知识的定义 “Wesupposeourselvestopossessunqualifiedscientificknowledgeofathing,asopposedtoknowingitintheaccidentalwayinwhichthesophistknows,whenwethinkthatweknowthecauseonwhichthefactdepends,asthecauseofthatfactandofno
2、other,and,further,thatthefactcouldnotbeotherthanitis.Nowthatscientificknowingissomethingofthissortisevident—witnessesboththosewhofalselyclaimitandthosewhoactuallypossessit,sincetheformermerelyimaginethemselvestobe,whilethelatterarealsoactually,intheconditiondescribed.Consequentlytheproperobjecto
3、funqualifiedscientificknowledgeissomethingwhichcannotbeotherthanitis.” —Aristotle,PosteriorAnalytics(Book1Part2) 2关于知识定义的争议 Thedefinitionofknowledgeisamatterofon-goingdebateamongphilosophersinthefieldofepistemology.Theclassicaldefinition,describedbutnotultimatelyendorsedbyPlato,hasitthatinord
4、erfortheretobeknowledgeatleastthreecriteriamustbefulfilled;thatinordertocountasknowledge,astatementmustbejustified,true,andbelieved.Someclaimthattheseconditionsarenotsufficient,asGettiercaseexamplesallegedlydemonstrate.Thereareanumberofalternativesproposed,includingRobertNozick’sargumentsforareq
5、uirementthatknowledge“tracksthetruth”andSimonBlackburn’sadditionalrequirementthatwedonotwanttosaythatthosewhomeetanyoftheseconditions“throughadefect,flaw,orfailure”haveknowledge.RichardKirkhamsuggeststhatourdefinitionofknowledgerequiresthatthebeliever’sevidenceissuchthatitlogicallynecessitatesth
6、etruthofthebelief. Incontrasttothisapproach,Wittgensteinobserved,followingMoore’sparadox,thatonecansay“Hebelievesit,butitisn’tso”,butnot“Heknowsit,butitisn’tso”.Hegoesontoarguethatthesedonotcorrespondtodistinctmentalstates,butrathertodistinctwaysoftalkingaboutconviction.Whatisdifferenthereisnot
7、thementalstateofthespeakers,buttheactivityinwhichtheyareengaged.Forexample,onthisaccount,toknowthatthekettleisboilingisnottobeinaparticularstateofmind,buttoperformaparticulartaskwiththestatementthatthekettleisboiling.Wittgen
