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1、4SurveyingEngineering（测量工程学）4.1IntroductionSurveyingisoneoftheoldestactivitiesofthecivilengineer,andremainsaprimarycomponentofcivilengineering.Itisalsoonefieldthatcontinuestoundergophenomenalchangesduetotechnologicaldevelopmentsindigitalimagingandsatellitepositioning.Thesemodernsurvey
2、ingtoolsarenotonlyrevolutionizingregularsurveyingengineeringtasksbutarealsoimpactingamyriadofapplicationsinavarietyoffieldswherenear-real-timepositioningisofgreatvalue.Surveyingandengineeringarecloselyrelatedprofessionalactivities.Theareaofsurveyingandmappingisinmanycountriesadiscipli
3、nebyitself,andtakenintotal,itisalmostasbroadinscopeascivilengineering.IntheU.S.,surveyingengineeringhasbeenhistoricallyalliedtocivilengineering.Engineeringsurveyingisdefinedasthoseactivitiesinvolvedintheplanningandexecutionofsurveysforthelocation,design,construction,operation,andmaint
4、enanceofcivilandotherengineeredprojects.Suchactivitiesincludethepreparationofsurveyandrelatedmappingspecifications;executionofphotogrammetricandfieldsurveysforthecollectionofrequireddata,includingtopographicandhydrographicdata;calculation,reduction,andplottingofsurveydataforuseinengin
5、eeringdesign;designandprovisionofhorizontalandverticalcontrolsurveynetworks;provisionoflineandgradeandotherlayoutworkforconstructionandminingactivities;executionandcertificationofqualitycontrolmeasurementsduringconstruction;monitoringofgroundandstructuralstability,includingalignmentob
6、servations,settlementlevels,andrelatedreportsandcertifications;measurementofmaterialandotherquantitiesforinventory,economicassessment,andcostaccountingpurposes;executionofas-builtsurveysandpreparationofrelatedmapsandplansandprofilesuponcompletionofconstruction;andanalysisoferrorsandto
7、lerancesassociatedwiththemeasurement,fieldlayout,andmappingorotherplotsofsurveymeasurementsrequiredinsupportofengineeringprojects.Engineeringsurveyingmayberegardedasaspecialtywithinthebroaderprofessionalpracticeofengineeringand,withtheexceptionofboundary,right-of-way,orothercadastrals
8、urvey
