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1、AbstractWritingDefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwritingAnabstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussion.A
2、sHoughton(1975)putit,"Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument."WhatIsAbstract"Awell-preparedabstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterests,andthustodecidewhethert
3、heyneedtoreadthedocumentinitsentirety"(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,1979b).TheAbstractshouldnotexceed250wordsandshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.TheAbstractshouldbetypedasasingleparagraph.TheAbstractshould(1)statetheprincipa
4、lobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthep
5、asttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstra
6、ctshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.TypesofAbstractsInformativeabstract(moredetailed,andmayincludequantitativedetails)信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Indicative/descriptiveabstract(briefandqualitative,indicatingwhatkindofresearchhasbeendone)指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Informative
7、-indicativeabstract报道-指示性摘要2.1InformativeabstractAninformativeabstractisdesignedtocondensethepaper.Itcanandshouldbrieflystatetheproblem,themethodusedtostudytheproblem,andtheprincipaldataandconclusions.Often,theabstractsupplantstheneedforreadingthefullpap
8、er;withoutsuchabstracts,scientistswouldnotbeabletokeepupinactiveareasofresearch.Thisisthetypeofabstractthatisusedasa“heading”inmostjournalstoday.2.2Indicativeabstract(1)Anothercommontypeofabstractistheindicativeabstract(so
