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1、Unit7DoctrineonOrganizationandOrganizationalChangeOrganizationAnorganizationisasocialarrangementwhichpursuescollectivegoals,controlsitsownperformance,andhasaboundaryseparatingitfromitsenvironment.Thereareavarietyoflegaltypesoforganizations,including:corporations,governments,
2、non-governmentalorganizations,internationalorganizations,armedforces,charities,not-for-profitcorporations,partnerships,cooperatives,anduniversities.Inthesocialsciences,organizationsaretheobjectofanalysisforanumberofdisciplines,suchassociology,economics,politicalscience,psych
3、ology,management,andorganizationalcommunication.AlexandertheGreatAlexanderIIIofMacedon(20/21July356–10/11June323BC),commonlyknownasAlexandertheGreat,wasakingofMacedon,astateinthenortheasternregionofGreece,andbytheageofthirtywasthecreatorofoneofthelargestempiresinancienthisto
4、ry.Hewasundefeatedinbattleandisconsideredoneofthemostsuccessfulcommandersofalltime.TaylorismScientificmanagementisoftencalledTaylorism;thetermsareoftenconsideredsynonymous.Scientificmanagementwasatheoryofmanagementthatanalyzedandsynthesizedworkflows.Itsmainobjectivewasimprov
5、ingeconomicefficiency,especiallylaborproductivity.Itwasoneoftheearliestattemptstoapplysciencetotheengineeringofprocessesandtomanagement.ItsdevelopmentbeganwithFrederickWinslowTaylorinthe1880sand1890swithinthemanufacturingindustries.1911年泰勒的《科学管理原理》一书正式出版，人们习惯地把它作为管理科学发展史上的一个
6、里程碑，看作是科学管理诞生的标志。同时学者们也都公认工业工程由此发端。这是因为以泰勒为代表的管理理论，在相当一段时间里被称为“泰勒制”。在《科学管理原理》中,他提出了四项原理:(1)对一个工人的每一单元工作的研究应该用科学方法来处理;(2)应该在工人的挑选、训练、教育方面运用科学方法;(3)工人之间应精诚合作,以保证所有的工作都能按照科学原理去处理;(4)管理者和工人之间,要实行分工负责,适合于管理者的工作不要交给工人。泰勒主张计件工资制,要求工人在单位时间内完成的定额工作量,按低薪计件,而超额工作量,则按照高薪计件。泰勒认为这种有差别的报酬制
7、能够最大限度地激发人们的工作积极性。为了保证这种科学管理的落实,泰勒认为必须加强作业管理和控制。毫无疑问,泰勒主义追求的是效率,作业分解、标准化管理、绩效报酬等措施都是为了提高产出的效率。HawthorneExperimentsTheHawthorneeffectisaformofreactivitywherebysubjectsimproveormodifyanaspectoftheirbehaviorbeingexperimentallymeasuredsimplyinresponsetothefactthattheyarebeingstu
8、died,notinresponsetoanyparticularexperimentalmanipulation.Thetermwascoinedi
