劳动经济学(作者Borjas)第十章习题答案.pdf

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1、CHAPTER1010-1.Supposeblacksandwhitesarenotperfectsubstitutesinproduction.Thefirmwouldliketominimizethecostsofproducing100unitsofoutput.Showthatemployerswhodiscriminateagainstblacksearnlowerprofits.Doesyourconclusiondependonwhetherthemarket-determinedblackwageislowerthanthewhitewage?Asdrawninthefigur

2、ebelow,theprofit-maximizingpositionforanon-discriminatingemployeroccursatpointPwherethe100-unitisoquantistangenttothelowestpossibleisocostlinegivenbyX.Discriminationagainstblacksimpliesthattheutility-adjustedblackwageisrelativelyhigh,andhenceemployerswouldmovetoapointlikeA,whichistangenttotheutility

3、-adjustedisocostgivenbylineY.Note,however,thatatpointAthetruecostsofproductionaregivenbyisocostlineZ,whichisclearlyhigherthanisocostlineX.Asaresult,discriminationiscostly.Itisworthnotingthatthisanalysisassumesnothingaboutwhichwage,theblackorthewhite,ishigher.CapitalAPY100XZEmployment10-2.Supposeblac

4、kandwhiteworkersarecomplementsinthesensethatthemarginalproductofwhitesincreaseswhenmoreblacksarehired.Supposealsothatwhiteworkersdonotlikeworkingalongsideblackworkers.Doesemployeediscriminationleadtocompletesegregation?Doesitcreateawagedifferentialbetweenblackandwhiteworkers?Ifblacksandwhitesareperf

5、ectsubstitutes,employeediscriminationleadstocompletesegregation.If,however,blacksandwhitesarecomplementsasinthisproblem,thenthereisanincentiveforemployerstoemployblacksandwhitestogetherintheworkplaceiftheincreaseinproductivityachievedbyintegratingtheworkforceishigherthantheextrawagesemployersmustpay

6、whiteworkerstocompensatethemforworkingalongsideblacks.Theinterpretationofthewagedifferentialbetweenblackandwhiteworkersismoredifficult.Thewagedifferentialbetweenthetwogroupswillreflectnotonlytheeffectofdiscrimination(ahigherwageforwhitestoencouragethemtoworkalongsideblacks),butalsotheeffectofdiffere

7、ncesinproductivity.Overall,however,itisclearthatwhitesmustbepaidacompensatingdifferential.6810-3.In1960,theproportionofblacksinSouthernstateswashigherthantheproportionofblacksinNorthernstates.Theblack