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1、法律概念分析 霍菲爾德楊智傑老師生平WesleyNewcombHohfeld(1879-1918)wasanAmericanjurist.HewastheauthoroftheseminalFundamentalLegalConceptions,AsAppliedinJudicialReasoningandOtherLegalEssays,publishedin1919.Duringhislife,hepublishedonlyahandfuloflawjournalarticles.Athisde
2、ath,thematerialformingthebasisofFundamentalLegalConceptionswasderivedfromtwoarticlesintheYaleLawJournal(1913)and(1917)thathadbeenpartiallyrevisedwithaviewtopublication.權利的性質Editorialworkwasundertakentocompletetherevisionsandthebookwaspublishedwiththeinc
3、lusionofthemanuscriptnotesthatHohfeldhadleft,plussevenotheressays.Theworkremainsapowerfulcontributiontomodernunderstandingofthenatureofrightsandtheimplicationsofliberty.Toreflectthiscontinuingimportance,achairatYaleUniversityisnamedafterhim,whichiscurre
4、ntlyheldbyJulesColeman.「權利」一詞的混用Hohfeldnoticedthatevenrespectedjuristsconflatevariousmeaningsofthetermright,sometimesswitchingsensesofthewordseveraltimesinasinglesentence.Hewrotethatsuchimprecisionoflanguageindicatedaconcomitantimprecisionofthought,andt
5、husalsooftheresultinglegalconclusions.Inordertobothfacilitatereasoningandclarifyrulings,heattemptedtodisambiguatethetermrightsbybreakingitintoeightdistinctconcepts.Toeliminateambiguity,hedefinedthesetermsrelativetooneanother,groupingthemintofourpairsofJ
6、uralOppositesandfourpairsofJuralCorrelatives.八個概念JuralOpposites:1.Right/No-Right2.Privilege/Duty3.Power/Disability4.Immunity/LiabilityJuralCorelatives:1.Right/Duty2.Privilege/No-Right3.Power/Liability4.Immunity/Disability表：法律概念澄清上下相反Right（請求權）Privilege（
7、豁免或自由）Power（形成權或權力）Immunity（不受拘束）No-right（無請求權）Duty（義務）Disability（無形成權）Liability（受拘束）甲有上，乙有下Right（請求權）Privilege（豁免或自由）Power（形成權或權力）Immunity（不受拘束）Duty（義務）No-right（無請求權）Liability（受拘束）Disability（無權力）請求權和自由Somephilosophersandpoliticalscientistsmakeadistinct
8、ionbetweenclaimrightsandlibertyrights.Aclaimrightisarightwhichentailsresponsibilities,duties,orobligationsonotherpartiesregardingtheright-holder.Incontrast,alibertyrightisarightwhichdoesnotentailobligationsonotherparties,butrathe
