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1、AmericanRealism(1860-1914)I.TheRiseofRealism:HistoricalBackgroundII.AmericanRealismIII.MarkTwainIV.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)I.TheRiseofRealism:HistoricalBackground“TheindustrialNorthhadtriumphedovertheagrarianSouth,andfromthatvictorycameasocietybasedonmasslaborandmassconsumpti
2、on.”“anageofextremes”---“ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope”A.TheCivilWarB.TheGildedAgeC.ImmigrantBoomingThenewintercontinentalrailsystem,inauguratedin1869,andthetranscontinentaltelegraph,whichbeganoperatingin1861,gaveindustryaccesstomaterials,markets,a
3、ndcommunications.Theconstantinfluxofimmigrantsprovidedaseeminglyendlesssupplyofinexpensivelaboraswell.D.SocialProblemsProblemsofurbanizationandindustrializationappeared:poorandovercrowdedhousing,unsanitaryconditions,lowpay(called"wageslavery"),difficultworkingconditions,andinadequaterest
4、raintsonbusiness.II.AmericanRealism(1860-1914)Broadlydefinedas"thefaithfulrepresentationofreality"or"verisimilitude,"realismisaliterarytechniquepracticedbymanyschoolsofwriting.Althoughstrictlyspeaking,realismisatechnique,italsodenotesaparticularkindofsubjectmatter,especiallytherepresenta
5、tionofmiddle-classlife.A.RealismB.AmericanRealismInAmericanliterature,theterm"realism"encompassestheperiodoftimefromtheCivilWartotheturnofthecenturyduringwhichWilliamDeanHowells,RebeccaHardingDavis,HenryJames,MarkTwain,andotherswrotefictiondevotedtoaccuraterepresentationandanexplorationo
6、fAmericanlivesinvariouscontexts.C.TheCharacteristicsofAmericanRealismAmericanrealistsrendersrealitycloselyandincomprehensivedetail.b.Americanrealistsselectivelypresenttherealitywithanemphasisonverisimilitude,evenattheexpenseofawell-madeplot.c.Characterismoreimportantthanactionandplot;his
7、/hercomplexethicalchoicesareoftenthesubject.Charactersappearintheirrealcomplexityoftemperamentandmotive.Theyareinexplicablerelationtonature,toeachother,totheirsocialclass,andtotheirownpast.d.Classisimportant.Thenovelhastraditionallyservedtheinterestsandaspirationsofmiddle
