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1、Module2《AJobWorthDoing》Period3:FUNCTION—MakingdeductionaboutthepastObjectives●TolearntomakingdeductionaboutthepastProcedures▇Warmingupbylearningto“deduce”★Canwededucefromyoursilencethatyoudonotapprove?★Wecandeducealotfromwhatpeoplechoosetobuy.★Theanswerisded
2、uciblefromtheevidenceavailable.★Hearrivedatthesolutionbyasimpleprocessofdeduction.★Ifmydeductionsarecorrect,Icantellyouwhothekillerwas.★Wecanexaminethebonesofdinosaursandmakedeductionsabouthowtheylived.■Makingdeductionaboutthepastwithmodalverbs(degreesofcert
3、ainty)AsSwan(PracticalEnglishUsage(OxfordUniversityPress,1997)),explains:"One(ofthemeaningsofmodalverbs)istodowithdegreesofcertainty:modalverbscanbeusedtosayforinstancethatasituationiscertain,probable,possibleorimpossible."Modalverbscanbeusedtoexpresstheseid
4、easaboutthepast,presentandfuture.Themostdefinitedegreeofcertaintycanbeexpressedwithwillandwon't,followedbymustandcan't/couldn't,shouldandshouldn't,mayandmaynot,andmight/couldandmightn't,whichexpresstheleastdefinitedegreeofcertainty.Allofthesemodalverbscanbeu
5、sedtotalkaboutdegreesofcertaintyinthepast.Oncemore,willorwon'texpressesthemostcertainty,andmight/couldormightn'ttheleastcertainty.Examples:★ThatwillhavebeenTedyousaw---he'ssevenfeettall.★Itwon'thavebeenSueyousaw---she'sblondeandisfivefeettall.5用心爱心专心★Noticet
6、hatwouldandwouldn'tcanbeusedinthesamewayaswillandwouldhere:★ThatwouldhavebeenTedyousaw---he'ssevenfeettall.★Itwouldn'thavebeenSueyousaw---she'sblondeandisfivefeettall.★Thatmusthavebeenfun---youlovedancing,don'tyou?Itcan't/couldn'thavebeenmuchfunoutontheboat-
7、--thereweregale-forcewind,Ihear.(Seegrammardefinitions).★Wherecantheybe?Theyshouldhavebeenherealongtimeago.★Wherecantheybe?Theyshouldn'thavetakenthislong.★Shemayhavedroppedby---wewereoutallmorning.★Shemaynothavebeenabletoseeproperlyintheheavyrain.★Hemighthav
8、ehadanaccident!★Shemightn'thaveevenknownweweregoingtobehere.★I'mabsolutelysure!.Theymusthavearrivedyesterday,Isawtheirticket.★Areyoujoking!Davidcan'thavegonetoParislastweek.Hedoesn'thaveenoughmo
