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1、Lesson4Activity1RevisionActivity2Nida’stheoryoftranslation----NewAttitudeswithRespecttotheReceptorLanguagePassage1Firstofall,itisessentialtorecognizethateachlanguagehasitsowngenius.Thatistosay,eachlanguagehascertaindistinctivecharacteristics,e.g.,word
2、-buildingcapacities,uniquepatternsofphraseorder,techniquesforlinkingclausesintosentences,markersofdiscourse,andspecialdiscoursetypesofpoetry,proverbs,andsongs.Eachlanguageisalsorichinvocabularyfortheareasofculturalfocus,e.g.cattleinSudan,huntingandfis
3、hinginPeru,ortechnologyinthewesternworld.Passage1SummaryEachlanguagehasitsowngeniusPassage2Whentranslating,onemustrespectthefeaturesofthereceptorlanguageandexploititspotentialitiestothegreatestpossibleextent.Therearesomeunfortunatecaseswheretranslator
4、shaveactuallytriedto“remake”alanguage.Forexample,onemissionaryinLatinAmericainsistedonintroducingthepassivevoiceoftheverbintoalanguagewhichhadnosuchform.Notsurprisingly,hiseffortsturnedouttobefutile.Onemustsimplyacceptthefactthattherearemanylanguagesw
5、hichdonothaveapassivevoice.Theymerelychoosetoreportactionsonlyasactive.Passage2SummaryTocommunicateeffectivelyonemustrespectthegeniusofeachlanguage.Passage3Sometranslatorsdonotseehowpeoplewhohavenosnowcanunderstandapassagethatspeaksabout“whiteassnow”.
6、Theanswertothisquestionisvaried.Firstly,manypeoplehaveawordforsnoweveniftheyhavenotthemselvesexperiencedit.Secondly,inotherinstances,peopledonotknowsnow,buttheydohave“frost”andtheyspeakaboutthetwowiththesameterm.Thirdly,manylanguageshaveotherequivalen
7、tidioms,e.g.,“whiteasegretfeathers”,or“whiteasfungus(ifthereisanespeciallywhiteformoffungus).Thepointisthatsnowasanobjectisnotcrucialtotheoriginalmessage.Ofcourseiftheforminwhichamessageisexpressedisanessentialelementofthemessageitself,thenthereisalim
8、itationincommunicatingthemessagefromonelanguagetoanotherPassage3SummaryAnythingthatcanbesaidinonelanguagecanbesaidinanother,unlesstheformisanessentialelementofthemessage.Passage4Sincealllanguagesdifferinform,quitenaturallytheformsmustbechanged
