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1、MedicalTerminology（11）Disease刘帅研究生英语教研室（综合楼110）Disease:TypesofDiseasesAdiseaseisanyalterationfromthenormalstructureorfunctionofanypartofthebody.Diseasescanbegroupedintoanumberofdifferentbutoftenoverlappingcategories.Theseinclude:•Infectiousdiseases—causedbymicroorganismsandot
2、herparasitesthatliveattheexpenseofanotherorganism.Anydisease-causingorganismisdescribedasapathogen.•Degenerativediseases(变性疾病)—resultingfromwearandtear,aging,ortrauma(injury)thatcanresultinalesion(wound)andperhapsnecrosis(death)oftissue.Commonexamplesincludearthritis,cardiova
3、scularproblems,andcertainrespiratorydisorderssuchasemphysema.Structuralmalformationssuchascongenitalmalformations,prolapse(dropping,脱垂),orhernia(rupture)mayalsoresultindegenerativechanges.Neoplasia—abnormalanduncontrolledgrowthoftissue.Immunedisorders(免疫功能紊乱)—failuresoftheimm
4、unesystem,allergies,andautoimmunediseases,inwhichthebodymakesantibodiestoitsowntissues,fallintothiscategory.Metabolicdisorders—resultingfromlackofenzymesorotherfactorsneededforcellularfunctions.Manyhereditarydisordersfallintothiscategory.Malnutritioncausedbyinadequateintakeof
5、nutrientsorinabilityofthebodytoabsorbandusenutrientsalsoupsetsmetabolism.Hormonaldisorders—causedbyunderproductionoroverproductionofhormonesorbyinabilityofthehormonestofunctionproperly.Oneexampleisdiabetesmellitus.Mentalandemotionaldisorders—disordersthataffectthemindandadapt
6、ationofanindividualtohisorherenvironment.Thecauseofadiseaseisitsetiology,althoughmanydiseaseshavemultipleinteractingcauses.Anacutediseaseissuddenandsevereandofshortduration.Achronicdiseaseisoflongdurationandprogressesslowly.InfectiousDiseases:Infectiousdiseasesarecausedbyviru
7、ses,bacteria,fungi(yeastsandmolds),protozoa(single-celledanimals,原生动物),andworms.Inshape,bacteriamayberound(cocci),rod-shaped(bacilli),orcurved(vibrios,弧菌andspirochetes，螺旋菌).Theymaybenamedaccordingtotheirshapeandbythearrangementstheyform.Theyalsoaredescribedaccordingtothedyest
8、heytakeupwhenstainedinthelaboratory.Themostcommonlaboratorybacterial
