计量经济学导论(伍德里奇第三版)课后习题答案 CHAPTER 1.doc

计量经济学导论(伍德里奇第三版)课后习题答案 CHAPTER 1.doc

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1、CHAPTER1SOLUTIONSTOPROBLEMS1.1(i)Ideally,wecouldrandomlyassignstudentstoclassesofdifferentsizes.Thatis,eachstudentisassignedadifferentclasssizewithoutregardtoanystudentcharacteristicssuchasabilityandfamilybackground.ForreasonswewillseeinChapter2,wewouldlikesub

2、stantialvariationinclasssizes(subject,ofcourse,toethicalconsiderationsandresourceconstraints).(ii)Anegativecorrelationmeansthatlargerclasssizeisassociatedwithlowerperformance.Wemightfindanegativecorrelationbecauselargerclasssizeactuallyhurtsperformance.However

3、,withobservationaldata,thereareotherreasonswemightfindanegativerelationship.Forexample,childrenfrommoreaffluentfamiliesmightbemorelikelytoattendschoolswithsmallerclasssizes,andaffluentchildrengenerallyscorebetteronstandardizedtests.Anotherpossibilityisthat,wit

4、hinaschool,aprincipalmightassignthebetterstudentstosmallerclasses.Or,someparentsmightinsisttheirchildrenareinthesmallerclasses,andthesesameparentstendtobemoreinvolvedintheirchildren’seducation.(iii)Giventhepotentialforconfoundingfactors–someofwhicharelistedin(

5、ii)–findinganegativecorrelationwouldnotbestrongevidencethatsmallerclasssizesactuallyleadtobetterperformance.Somewayofcontrollingfortheconfoundingfactorsisneeded,andthisisthesubjectofmultipleregressionanalysis.1.2(i)Hereisonewaytoposethequestion:Iftwofirms,sayA

6、andB,areidenticalinallrespectsexceptthatfirmAsuppliesjobtrainingonehourperworkermorethanfirmB,byhowmuchwouldfirmA’soutputdifferfromfirmB’s?(ii)Firmsarelikelytochoosejobtrainingdependingonthecharacteristicsofworkers.Someobservedcharacteristicsareyearsofschoolin

7、g,yearsintheworkforce,andexperienceinaparticularjob.Firmsmightevendiscriminatebasedonage,gender,orrace.Perhapsfirmschoosetooffertrainingtomoreorlessableworkers,where“ability”mightbedifficulttoquantifybutwhereamanagerhassomeideaabouttherelativeabilitiesofdiffer

8、entemployees.Moreover,differentkindsofworkersmightbeattractedtofirmsthatoffermorejobtrainingonaverage,andthismightnotbeevidenttoemployers.(iii)Theamountofcapitalandtechnologyavaila

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