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1、CriticalThinking:AnalyzingandEvaluatingArgumentsKathleenMaloneyLanzhouUniversityMay11,2009Reminder:Authors:GregBassham,WilliamIrvin,HenryNardone,andJamesM.WallaceTitle:CriticalThinking:AStudent’sIntroductionLocation:Foreignlanguagelibrary,thirdfloorofthemainlibrary.
2、OutlineofLectureSeriesMay4th,2009:CriticalThinking—AnintroductionMay11th,2009:CriticalThinking—AnalyzingandEvaluatingArgumentsMay18th,2009:CriticalThinking—SkillsforReadingandWritingOutlineofToday’sLecturePartOne:DeductiveArgumentsvs.InductiveArgumentsPartTwo:Logica
3、lFallaciesPartThree:AnalyzingArgumentsPartFour:EvaluatingArgumentsPartFive:SummaryandActivityPartOne:DeductionandInductionDeductivevs.InductiveArgumentsDeductiveandInductiveIndicatorWordsThePrincipleofCharityDeductivevs.InductiveArgumentsPeopleoftendescribethediffer
4、encebetweendeductiveargumentsandinductiveargumentsinthefollowingway:Deductiveargumentsmovefromgeneralpremisestoparticularconclusions.Inductiveargumentsmovefromparticularpremisestogeneralconclusions.However,thisisWRONG!!DeductiveArgumentsDeductiveargumentsclaimthatif
5、theirpremiseistruethentheirconclusionsmustbetrue.Acommonpatternfordeductiveargumentsis:AllAisB.AllBisCTherefore,allAisC.InductiveArgumentsInductiveargumentssimplytrytoshowthatiftheirpremisesaretrue,thentheirconclusionsareprobablytrue.Acommoninductiveargumentpatterni
6、s:ThingslikeXtendtobeY.IexpectanewX.ItwillprobablybeY.Deductivevs.InductiveDeductiveArgumentsClaimThat…InductiveArgumentsClaimThat…Ifthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclusionmustbetrue.Ifthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclusionprobablyistrue.Itisimpossibleforallofthepremises
7、tobetrueandtheconclusionfalse.Itisunlikelythatthepremisesaretrueandtheconclusionisfalse.Thetruthofthepremisesguaranteesthetruthoftheconclusion.ThetruthofthepremisesmakestheconclusionlikelyThistableisquotedfromBassham,Irwin,Jones,andWallace,CriticalThinking,pages55-5
8、6.DeductionIndicatorWordsSomecommondeductionindicatorwordsare:CertainlyDefinitelyAbsolutelyConclusivelyItlogicallyfollows…Itislogicaltocon
