陈胜：语言学第二讲语音学课件.ppt

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1、LectureTwoPhoneticsandPhonologyMountRushmore,SouthDakota.60feethigh1927-1941GeorgeWashington(1732–1799)ThomasJefferson(1743–1826)TheodoreRoosevelt(1858–1919)AbrahamLincoln(1809–1865)PartOne:Phonetics(语音学)PartTwo:Phonology(音系学)PartOne:Phonetics(语音学)Abranchoflinguistic

2、swhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.1.DefinitionTheScopeofPhoneticsArticulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds,i.e.thestudyofspeechorgansandhowtheymovetoproducespeech

3、sounds.Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsoundsbythehumanear.Acousticphonetics(声学语音学):studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.Pharyngealcavity----thethroat2.SpeechOrgans:ThreeAreasOralcavity----themouthNasalcavity----thenoseLipsTeethTeethridg

4、e(alveolar齿槽)HardpalateSoftpalate(velum)Uvula(小舌)TipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavity2.SpeechOrgans:aDiagramInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)----Astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.Broadtranscript

5、ion----Itisusedindictionariesandtextbooksforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics(变音符号).Narrowtranscription----Itisusedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics.3.RepresentationofSpeechSoundsAdditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenu

6、ances(细微差别)ofchangeintheirpronunciation.TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(Revisedin2005)OldandNewEditionofTheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetVowelsNewi：ɪeæɜ:əʌu:ʊɔ:Oldi:i:eæə:əʌu:uɔ:Newɒɑ:eɪaɪɔɪəʊaʊɪəeəʊəOldɔɑ:eiaiɔiəuauiəεəuəTherearenochangesinconsonants.HenrySweet,inhi

7、sHandbookofPhonetics,madeadistinctionbetweennarrowandbroadtranscription.Compare:words:pitfeellaterbroadtranscription:/pit//fi:l//’leitə/narrowtranscription:/phit//fi:ł//’leiDə/SomemajorarticulatoryvariablesDimensionsinwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing----voiced&voicel

8、essNasality----nasal&non-nasalAspiration-----aspirated&unaspiratedEnglishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:1