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1、MorphemeandWord-formationMembers:Speaker:张莎莎201217110Searcher:丁梦丽201217101Maker：王海金201217103词素和构词法IntroductionWeknowwordscanbeanalyzedintomorphemes,whicharetheminimalmeaningfulunitsinthecompositionofwords.Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.在构词法中，语素被分为词根、词干
2、、词基和词缀。RootStemMorphemeBaseAffixAffixAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes—somemorphemescannotnormallystandalone,butfunctiononlyaspartsofwords,e,g.-s,-erand-ed词缀都是粘着语素，依附于词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义.Ⅰ.Accordingtothefunctions
3、ofaffixesAffixcanbedividedintoinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes.1.Inflectionalaffixes（Inflectionalmorphemes）arenotusedtoproducenewwords,butrathertoshowaspectsofthegrammaticalfunctionofaword(-s,-＇s,-ed,-ing,-er,-est).屈折词缀:表示词的语法意义。2.Derivationalaffixes(Derivationalmorpheme
4、s)areusedtomakenewwordsinthelanguageandareoftenusedtomakewordsofadifferentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem(-er,-ness,-ly,-ful,-less,un-,dis-,re-,im-,pre-).派生词缀是加在词干上构成新词的词缀。Ⅱ.AccordingtotheirdistributionintheformationofwordsAffixescanbedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.1.Prefixesareaf
5、fixesbeforetheroot.Eg,unjust,rewrite,impossible.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.2.Suffixesareaffixesaftertheroot.Bytheaddtionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation.modernize.Root※.A“root”isthebaseformo
6、fawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Inotherwords,arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.(词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后剩余的部分)Forexample,“Internationalism”isafour-morphemederivativewhichkeepsitsfreemorpheme“nation”
7、asitsrootwhen“inter-”,“-al”and”-ism”aretakenaway.※.RootsmaybeFree:thosethatcanstandbythemselves.eg：black+board;nation+nalBound:thosethatcannotstandbythemselves.eg：-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive※.Somewords(i.e.compounds)havemorethanoneroot,eg：mailman,girlfriend,armchair.Stem※.A
8、stemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremains
