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1、Chapter2***StructureofMaterialsChapter2Structureandpropertyofmaterials1componentstructureperformanceapplicationRelationshipsynthesisandprocessing2Catalog2.1Elementsandchemicalbond2.2Basicconceptsofcrystallography2.3Structureofcrystalmaterials2.4Crystallographicdefects2.5Solidsolution32.1Elementsandc
2、hemicalbondKeyterms:element,compound,content,firstionizationenergy,electronaffinity,electronegativity,atomic,Ionicradii,metallicbond,delocalized,covalent,nondirectional,unsaturated,close-packedarray,coordinationnumber,conductive,meltingpoint,hydrogenbond,permanentdipole,potentialenergywell,bondenerg
3、y,attractiveenergy,repulsiveenergy4Catalog2.1ElementSinglematterCompoundMaterial2.1.1Elementsandtheircharacteristics5Catalog2.1elementcomparativecontentelementcomparativecontent氧（O）466,000氟（F）300硅（Si）277,200锶（Sr）300铝（Al）81,300钡（Ba）250铁（Fe）50,000锆（Zr）220钙（Ca）36,300铬（Cr）200钠（Na）28,300钒（V）150钾（K）25,900
4、锌（Zn）132镁（Mg）20,900镍（Ni）80钛（Ti）4,400钼（Mo）15氢（H）1,400铀（U）4磷（P）1,180汞（Hg）0.5锰（Mn）1,000银（Ag）0.1硫（S）520铂（Pt）0.005碳（C）320金（Au）0.005氯（Cl）314氦（He）0.003Relativecontentofelementsontheearth6Catalog2.1Statesoftheelementsintheroomtemperature7FirstIonizationEnergy(I1)——theenergyrequiredtoremovetheoneelectronfrom
5、agaseousatom.theminimumamountofenergyneededtoremovetheoutermost(highestenergy)electronfromaneutralatominthegaseousstate.A(g)+I1A+(g)+e1）FirstIonizationEnergy8FromBohrmodelandSchrodingerequationI1——firstionizationenergy,eVZ——effectivenuclearchargen——mainquantumnumber1eV=1.602×10-19J※ThebiggertheI1,th
6、emoredifficulttoremovetheoutmostelectron.9I1ZI1increasesslowlyI1increasesdramaticallyRI110Theamountofenergycreatedintheprocessinwhichanelectronisaddedtoaneutralisolatedgaseousatomtoformagaseousionwitha1-charge.EAvariesgreatlyacrosstheperiodictable；Generally,nonmetalshavemorepositiveEAthanmetalsEAgen
7、erallyincreasesacrossaperiod(row)intheperiodictable.AtrendofdecreasingEAgoingdownthegroupsintheperiodictablewouldbeexpectedA(g)+e-A-(g)+EA2）ElectronAffinity（EA）11Generally,nonmetalshavemorepositiveEAt
