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1、Anglo-AmericanLegalSystem:ChapterVPersonalPropertyDefinitionPropertylawisaboutrelationshipsamongpeoplewithrespecttovaluableresources.ClassificationofpropertyRealproperty,realty,realestate,immovablesPersonalproperty,personalty,movables,chatteltangibleintangibleFIXTURESCertainpersonalpropert
2、ycanbecomesocloselyassociatedwiththerealpropertytowhichitisattachedthatthelawviewsitasrealproperty.Suchpropertyisknownasafixture—athingaffixedtorealty.Athingisaffixedtorealtywhenitisattacheditbyroots;embeddedinit;orpermanentlyattachedbymeansofcement,plaster,bolts,nails,orscrews.Thefixturec
3、anbephysicallyattachedtorealproperty,orattachedtoanotherfixture;itcanevenbeanitem,suchasastatue,thatisnotphysicallyattachedtotheland,aslongastheownerintendsthepropertytobeafixture.Fixturesareincludedinthesaleoflandifthesalescontractdoesnotprovideotherwise.Thesaleofahouseincludesthelandandt
4、hehouseandgarageonit,aswellasthecabinets,plumbing,andwindows.Becausethesearepermanentlyaffixedtotheproperty,theyareconsideredtobeapartofit.Unlessotherwiseagreed,however,thecurtainsandthrowrugsarenotincluded.Itemssuchasdrapesandwindow-unitairconditionersaredifficulttoclassify.Thus,acontract
5、forthesaleofahouseorcommercialrealtyshouldindicatewhichitemsofthissortareincludedinthesale.TheRoleOfIntentTodeterminewhetherornotacertainitemisafixture,theintentionofthepartywhoplacedthepropertymustbeexamined.Ifthefactsindicatethatthepersonintendedtheitemtobeafixture,thenitwillbeafixture.W
6、hentheintentofthepartywhoplacedthefixtureontherealtyisindispute,thecourtsusuallydeterminetheintentbasedoneitherorbothofthefollowingfactors:1.Ifthepropertyattachedcannotberemovedwithoutcausingsubstantialdamagetotheremainingrealty,itisusuallydeemedafixture.2.Ifthepropertyattachedissoadaptedt
7、otherestoftherealtyastobecomeapartofit,thepropertyisusuallydeemedafixture.Certainitemscanonlybeattachedtopropertypermanently;suchitemsarefixtures.Itisassumedthattheownerintendedthemtobefixtures,becausetheyhadtobepermanentlyattachedtotheproperty.Atilefloor,cabi