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1、Downsyndrome,orDown'ssyndrome(primarilyintheUnitedKingdom),[1][2]trisomy21,ortrisomyG,isachromosomaldisordercausedbythepresenceofallorpartofanextra21stchromosome.ItisnamedafterJohnLangdonDown,theBritishphysicianwhodescribedthesyndromein1866.Thedisorder
2、wasidentifiedasachromosome21trisomybyJérômeLejeunein1959.Theconditionischaracterizedbyacombinationofmajorandminordifferencesinstructure.OftenDownsyndromeisassociatedwithsomeimpairmentofcognitiveabilityandphysicalgrowth,andaparticularsetoffacialcharacte
3、ristics.Downsyndromeinafetuscanbeidentifiedwithamniocentesisduringpregnancy,orinababyatbirth.IndividualswithDownsyndrometendtohavealowerthanaveragecognitiveability,oftenrangingfrommildtomoderatedevelopmentaldisabilities.Asmallnumberhaveseveretoprofound
4、mentaldisability.TheincidenceofDownsyndromeisestimatedat1per800to1,000births,althoughitisstatisticallymuchmorecommonwitholdermothers.Otherfactorsmayalsoplayarole.ManyofthecommonphysicalfeaturesofDownsyndromemayalsoappearinpeoplewithastandardsetofchromo
5、somes,includingmicrogenia(anabnormallysmallchin)[3],anunusuallyroundface,macroglossia[4](protrudingoroversizedtongue),analmondshapetotheeyescausedbyanepicanthicfoldoftheeyelid,upslantingpalpebralfissures(theseparationbetweentheupperandlowereyelids),sho
6、rterlimbs,asingletransversepalmarcrease(asingleinsteadofadoublecreaseacrossoneorbothpalms,alsocalledtheSimiancrease),poormuscletone,andalargerthannormalspacebetweenthebigandsecondtoes.HealthconcernsforindividualswithDownsyndromeincludeahigherriskforcon
7、genitalheartdefects,gastroesophagealrefluxdisease,recurrentearinfections,obstructivesleepapnea,andthyroiddysfunctions.Earlychildhoodintervention,screeningforcommonproblems,medicaltreatmentwhereindicated,aconducivefamilyenvironment,andvocationaltraining
8、canimprovetheoveralldevelopmentofchildrenwithDownsyndrome.AlthoughsomeofthephysicalgeneticlimitationsofDownsyndromecannotbeovercome,educationandpropercarewillimprovequalityoflife.[5]CharacteristicsIndividualswithDownsyndromemayhavesomeo