(第八版)微观经济学：现代观点ppt课件.ppt

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1、ChapterTwoBudgetConstraint预算约束Structureofchapter22.1ThedefinitionandpropertiesofbudgetconstraintAlgebraGraph2.2.Changesinbudgetconstraint2.3.Governmenttaxesandtheireffectonbudgetconstraint.2.1TheBudgetConstraintAconsumptionset（消费集,X）isthesetofallconsumptionbundlesthatthecon

2、sumercanconceive.ConsumptionBundle（消费束）Aconsumptionbundlex=(x1,x2,…,xn)isavectorcontainingdifferentquantitiesofeachofthencommodities.x1unitsofcommodity1,x2unitsofcommodity2andsoonuptoxnunitsofcommodityn.Nonnegativeconstraint:X={(x1,…,xn)

3、x1³0,…,xn³0}BudgetconstraintCommodit

4、ypricesare(p1,p2,…,pn)Consumer’sincome:m.Q:Whenisabundle(x1,…,xn)affordableatpricesp1,…,pn?A:Whenp1x1+…+pnxn£mwheremistheconsumer’s(disposable)income.Budgetconstraint:theamountofmoneyspentonthengoodscannotbemorethantheconsumer’sincome.BudgetSetTheconsumer’sbudgetset（预算集）con

5、sistsofallbundlesofgoodsthatareaffordableatgivenpricesandincome.B(p1,…,pn,m)={(x1,…,xn)

6、x1³0,…,xn³0andp1x1+…+pnxn£m}BudgetlineBudgetline:theconsumptionbundlesthatcostexactlym.Thebudgetlineistheupperboundaryofthebudgetset.Toshowthebudgetlinewithagraph,weassumethattheconsum

7、ptionbundleconsistsonlyoftwogoods,x1andx2.x2iscompositegood(复合商品),whichismeasuredindollarstobespentongoodsotherthangood1.BudgetSetandBudgetLinex2x1Budgetlineisp1x1+p2x2=m.m/p1BudgetSetm/p2Budgetlinex2x1p1x1+p2x2=m.m/p2m/p1PropertiesofthebudgetlineInterceptsunaffordableaffor

8、dablejustaffordableAffordablex2x1m/p1m/p2Slopeofthebudgetlinex2x1Slopeis-p1/p2+1-p1/p2MeaningoftheSlopeIncreasingx1by1unitmustreducex2byp1/p2.Opportunitycostofconsumingoneunitofx1WhatistheOpportunitycostofconsumingoneunitofx2?Theslopeofbudgetline:anexampleMoviesCD’sSlope=-P

9、C/PM:HowmanyextraunitsofmoviesaconsumercanbuybysacrificingaunitofCD.IfaCDcosts$10andaMoviecosts$20,ifyougiveuponeCD,howmanymoviescanyoubuy?m/pMm/pCM/C=-PC/PM2.2HowthebudgetlinechangesThebudgetsetandbudgetlinedependuponpricesandincome.Whathappensaspricesorincomechange?2.2.

10、1AchangeinincomeIncreasesinincomemshiftthebudgetlineoutwardinaparallelmanner,there