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时间:2021-04-14
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1、进入夏天,少不了一个热字当头,电扇空调陆续登场,每逢此时,总会想起那一把蒲扇。蒲扇,是记忆中的农村,夏季经常用的一件物品。 记忆中的故乡,每逢进入夏天,集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席,不论男女老少,个个手持一把,忽闪忽闪个不停,嘴里叨叨着“怎么这么热”,于是三五成群,聚在大树下,或站着,或随即坐在石头上,手持那把扇子,边唠嗑边乘凉。孩子们却在周围跑跑跳跳,热得满头大汗,不时听到“强子,别跑了,快来我给你扇扇”。孩子们才不听这一套,跑个没完,直到累气喘吁吁,这才一跑一踮地围过了,这时母亲总是,好似
2、生气的样子,边扇边训,“你看热的,跑什么?”此时这把蒲扇,是那么凉快,那么的温馨幸福,有母亲的味道! 蒲扇是中国传统工艺品,在我国已有三千年多年的历史。取材于棕榈树,制作简单,方便携带,且蒲扇的表面光滑,因而,古人常会在上面作画。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名,实即今日的蒲扇,江浙称之为芭蕉扇。六七十年代,人们最常用的就是这种,似圆非圆,轻巧又便宜的蒲扇。 蒲扇流传至今,我的记忆中,它跨越了半个世纪,也走过了我们的半个人生的轨迹,携带着特有的念想,一年年,一天天,流向长长的时间隧道,袅ACo
3、gnitiveBehavioralApproachtoSocialPhobiaWhatissocialPhobia?Definition:Persistentfearsofsituationsinvolvingsocialinteractionorsocialperformanceorsituationswherethereispotentialscrutinybyothers(Rapee&Heimberg,1997)TwotypesSpecific-fearofcertainsocialsit
4、uationslikepublicspeakingGeneralized-fearofmostsocialsituationsWhodoesiteffect?Prevalenceof13%Ageofonsetistypicallybetween11and19MorefemalesthanmalesSocialPhobiaandtheAudienceIndividualsprimarilyfearnegativeevaluationsfromtheaudienceHowevertheaudienc
5、eisoftendifficulttointerpretbecauseofhowambiguoussocialsituationscanbeandbecauseotherpeople’sthoughtsarenotopentodirectexamination.IndividualsalsodoubttheirabilitiesbutbelievethattheaudiencehashighstandardsThisdiscrepancyincreasesanxietyMentalReprese
6、ntationsIndividualswithsocialphobiahaveverynegativementalrepresentationsabouttheself.Theyfocusonaspectsoftheselfthatcouldbeevaluatednegativelysuchasblushingortrembling.Theymayevenmakegeneralizationsabouttheself.Insteadof“Heorsheisbored”theywouldthink
7、“I’maboringperson”ProbabilityandCostBeliefsProbabilityIndividualsbelievethattheyarelikelytoperformpoorlyandthattheirfearedoutcomeisalsolikelytooccurCostIndividualsbelievethatiftheyperformpoorlytheconsequenceswillbeextremelyharshanddisastrous.SafetyBe
8、haviorsSafetybehaviors:behaviorsimplementedinthesituationthatmakethesituationseemlessthreatening.IndividualsbelievethatbyusingthesebehaviorstheyareavoidingacatastropheHowever,Wellsetal.(1995)arguethat,“safetybehaviorsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenan
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