Chapter 3 Labor Demand

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1、CHAPTER3LaborDemandMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2013byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.•Thefirm’slabordemandisaderiveddemand(派生需求):a)Firmshireworkersbecauseconsumerswanttopurchaseavarietyofgoodsandservices.b)Ineffect,firmsarethemiddlementhathireworkerstoprod

2、ucethosegoodsandservices.•Workersdodifferfromotherinputsinanumberofimportantways:a)Allofusarekeenlyinterestedinthecharacteristicsofthefirmsthatrentourservices.b)Thedeterminantsofthedemandforlaboralsohaveimportantsocialandpoliticalimplications.2-23-1TheProductionFunctio

3、n•Thefirm’sproductionfunction(生产函数)describesthetechnologythatthefirmusestoproducegoodsandservices:q:thefirm’soutput(onlyonekind)E,K:onlytwofactorsofproduction(生产要素)(inputs)E:labor(thenumberofemployee-hourshiredbythefirm)a)thenumberofworkershiredbythefirmb)heterogene

4、ity(异质性)K:capital(theaggregatestockofland,machines,andotherphysicalinputs)2-3MarginalProductandAverageProduct•Themarginalproductoflabor(劳动的边际产量)MPisEdefinedasthechangeinoutputresultingfromhiringanadditionalworker,holdingconstantthequantitiesofallotherinputs.•Themargin

5、alproductofcapital(资本的边际产量)MP.KAssumingMP,MP>0.EKTheassumptionthatthemarginalproductoflaboreventuallydeclinesfollowsfromthelawofdiminishingreturns(收益递减规律).QUESTION:Why?•Theaverageproductoflabor(劳动的平均产量)AP=q/E.EThelawofdiminishingreturnsimpliesthattheaverageproductof

6、laborcurvewilleventuallydecline.2-4MarginalProductandAverageProduct2-5MarginalProductandAverageProductThemarginalproductoflaboristheslopeofthetotalproductcurve.Theaverageproductoflaboristheslopeofarayfromtheorigintothetotalproductcurve.a)Themarginalcurveliesabovethea

7、veragecurvewhentheaveragecurveisrising.b)Themarginalcurveliesbelowtheaveragecurvewhentheaveragecurveisfalling.c)Themarginalcurveintersectstheaveragecurveatthepointwheretheaveragecurvepeaks.2-6MarginalProductandAverageProduct2-7ProfitMaximization•Anassumptionaboutthefir

8、m’sbehavior:thefirm’sobjectiveistomaximizeitsprofits.QUESTION:Why?p:thepriceatwhichthefirmcansellitsoutput.w:thewag