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1、12ChoicesInvolvingStrategyLearningObjectivesAfterreadingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:}Explainwhataneconomistmeansbyagame,anddistinguishbetweenone-stageandmultiple-stagegames.}Describemethodsforreasoningoutthelikelychoicesofopponents,andunderstandtheir
2、limitations.}ExplaintheconceptofaNashequilibrium,andapplyitinsimplegames.}Understandthebenefitsofplayingunpredictablyincertaingames.}Recognizewhetherthreatsarecredible,andwhethercooperationisachievable,inmultiple-stagegames.nJune6,1944,theWesternAlliesinvade
3、dNazi-occupiedFrance,pittingmoreOthan150,000men,5,000ships,and11,000aircraftagainstGermandefensesalongthebeachesofNormandy.Hitlerwasawareoftheimpendinginvasion,butthoughtitwouldmorelikelyoccuratCalais,notNormandy.Calaisrequiredshortersup-plylinesfromEngland
4、.Italsoofferedaccesstoanextensiveroadnetwork,whichwouldpermitmorerapidtroopdeploymenttowardGermany.Ontheadviceofhisstrategists,GeneralDwightD.Eisenhower,SupremeCom-manderoftheAlliedExpeditionaryForce,reinforcedHitlerspreconceptionsthroughdeceptionandmisdire
5、ction.TheAlliesstationedsquadronsofplywoodairplanesandinflatabletanksneartheportofDover,directlyacrosstheEnglishChannelfromCalais.Theylocatedafleetofrubberlandingcraftnearby,atthemouthoftheThamesRiver.AlliedoperativespassedtheGermansfalseinformationthroughkno
6、wnenemyagentsandcodedradiotransmissionsintendedforinterception.Toreinforcethemisinformation,AlliedcommandersheldactualmilitarymaneuversnearthedecoyforcesanddroppedmorebombsonCalaisthanonNormandy.Asaresult,Hitlerorderedhisgeneralstofor-402ber00279_c12_402-44
7、6.indd402CONFIRMINGPAGES10/16/073:10:43PMChapter12ChoicesInvolvingStrategy403tifyGermandefensesatCalais,leavingNormandycomparativelyvulnerable.AccordingtoGeneralAlfredJodl,Hitlerschiefofstaff,thiswasGermanysfatalstrategicerror.EisenhowersattempttomisleadHit
8、lerpriortoD-dayisanexampleofstrategicdeci-sionmaking.Achoiceinvolvesstrategywheneveritseffectsdependontheactionsandreactionsofotherpeople.Eveninnonmilitarysituations,sounddecisionmakingfre-quentlyrequi
